1. Public administration and bureaucracy

2. Revision What is Max Weber's definition of the state?
What is the other commonly accepted definition of the state?
What are the three main functions of the state (corresponding to the three branches of government)?
What is the highest legislative institution?
What are the main executive functions of the state?
What are the main types of state organization?

3. Modes of Functioning of the State
Bureaucratic
Hierarchical

4. Bureaucratic mode
According to Max Weber, the administrative arrangements typical of the state are bureaucratic. This means that administration is carried out on the basis of various forms of knowledge – juridical, military, fiscal, managerial, statistical, geographical, etc. The state's capacity to apply such knowledge via its bureaucratic apparatus qualifies it as a rational political enterprise, seeking both effectiveness (the maximal achievement of its own goals) and efficiency (the optimal relation between means and ends).

5. Hierarchical mode
The performance of the various state activities by diverse personnel is controlled by personnel higher up who instruct their inferiors on how to operate, who can monitor their performance and, if necessary, sanction them if their performance does not meet the required standards.
The pyramid, where the base is provided by the personnel on the ground and the apex by the controlling bureaucratic elite.
In this way, the state secures its unity, uniformity and consistency in the way its activities are carried out over time and in various places.

6. Discuss the following:
Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge.
–Max Weber
1. What do you think about Max Weber’s view of bureaucracy stated above?
2. Is there any difference between the terms “bureaucracy” and “public administration”?
3. How would you define public administration and bureaucracy?
4. According to you, does the term “bureaucracy” have positive or negative connotations?

7. Public administration - definitions
a branch of political science dealing primarily with the structure and workings of agencies charged with the administration of governmental functions
the implementation of government policies
the field of service that maintains a civil society and provides for the needs of the public.
Discuss the aforementioned definitions!

8. A definition of bureaucracy
bureaucracy n.
plural bureaucracies
1 a a body of non-elective government officials
b:an administrative policy-making group
2 government characterized by specialization of functions, adherence to fixed rules, and a hierarchy of authority
3 a system of administration marked by officialism, red tape, and proliferation

9. Answer the following questions:
1. Who are members of bureaucracy?
2. What is their main role?
3. What are the characteristics of bureaucracy?
4. Which negative aspects are included in the definition?

10. Public administration and bureaucracy
Public administration is the more general term, while bureaucracy refers to a particular organizational form, and especially to the ideal-type model developed by Max Weber. As the concept was developed by Weber, bureaucracy was meant to be the highest level of development of rational-legal governance.

11. Public perception of bureucracy
What are the negative connotations associated with bureaucracy?
What is the meaning of this statement:
“Rather than oppressing the public, as is now often argued, bureaucracy should provide both greater equality and greater transparency than the traditional forms of governance that it should replace.”

12. Characteristics of bureaucracy (Weber):
Bureaucracy derives its authority from law. It depends neither on traditional nor on personal modes of authority. It is instead based on a form of legal rational authority that defines the foundations of the organization's jurisdiction and its procedures of operation.
Buraucracy has differentiated offices or units that have specialized competencies and jurisdictions. This aspect of bureaucracy provides it with some obvious advantages, including the ability to bring technical expertise and experience to bear on particular aspects of problems.
Bureaucracy is characterized by an internally hierarchical system of authority required to bring its distinctive parts together as part of a unified system of coordination.
Bureaucracy is also characterized by rules and procedures that govern its internal functions. It has a 'memory' and a set of procedures for dealing with recurring matters. Weber referred to this as the organization's “files”, and this storage of experience and written rules anchors bureaucracy in the legal-rational system of authority.
Bureaucracy is characterized by a full-time staff of officials. In governments, these officials are known as civil servants; they represent the continuity of the organization of government.
Translate the above text!

13. Read the text carefully and list positive and negative aspects of modern bureaucracy:
Positive aspects
Negative aspects

14. Public administration employees
crucially important for the success or failure of administration.
Public administration bodies should, to the extent possible, employ the “best and brightest”.
Merit and seniority principles

15. Management in the public sector
More difficult than in the private sector, due to:
the absence of clear criteria for success and failure
the transparency of most of the operations,
the absence of control over many aspects of the personnel and budget systems.

16. Representative bureaucracy
Questions:
to which extent are the members of the civil service representative of the population, and especially to which extent are women and members of minority groups included in government?
to which extent political criteria are, and should be, involved in the selection of public officials?

17. Recent developments
Bureucracy as a link between the public sector and the public
It is crucial for managing instruments such as contracts and partnerships and in providing the linkage between networks of social actors and the public sector.

18. Translate and discuss the following paragraph:
Finally, to appreciate the advantages of bureaucracy, it is useful to imagine life without it. It would be a world without continuity, without consistency, and with a shortage of competence. We may not like bureaucracy, but we would certainly dislike a world without it even more.

19. Fill in the missing words:
bureaucracy, contradictory, government, organization, political
The limits and critiques of ______________are notable. Its virtues are also often its vices. Balancing the ______________tensions of the bureaucratic form of ______________presents a continuing challenge. There is also no doubt that much of the criticism of bureaucracy is distinctly _______________and has little to do with bureaucracy itself and more to do with views about the appropriate scope of _____________.

20. Translate the following passage:
Continuity, predictability, legality and specialized expertise may lead to difficulties in adapting to change or recognizing novelty, as well as problems of coordination. Hierarchical authority also can lead to a lack of sensitivity to problems on the ground. Yet a lack of hierarchical control may lead to a lack of accountability. Because these problems are built into a system of law and impersonal authority, there are no set formulas for resolving them. But they remain problems inherent in bureaucracy.

21. Jokes for the end...
Bureaucracy: A system that enables ten men to do the work of one.
If the first person who answers the phone cannot answer your question, it's a bureaucracy.

22. Thank you for your attention!