1. Science of Biology
By:
Parviz Heidari

3. elements of life

4. Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are molecules composed of carbons and hydrogen, and often containing other elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen

5. Cellular Organization
Prokaryotic
cells don’t contain membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic
cells contain membrane-bound organelles

7. Macromolecules

8. Carbohydrates There are two types: The simple sugars
Glucose, sucrose, fructose, …
The complex carbohydrates
long chains of sugars (Starches, cellulose, glycogen)

9. The simple sugars
All carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar (also called saccharide units).
Carbohydrates that contain only one sugar unit are called monosaccharides.

10. The simple sugars

11. The complex carbohydrates

12. Proteins

13. 20 types of Amino acids

14. Proteins

15. Proteins

16. Proteins structure

17. Nucleic Acids

18. Nucleic Acids

19. Nucleic Acids

20. Bases

22. DNA forms

23. 0.1 Nano = 1 Angstrom

24. Lipids Insoluble water Fats are a sub group of lipids
Other lipids include waxes, and steroids, such as cholesterol

25. Fats

26. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

27. Cell and cell structures

29. Cell Division
Mitosis
Meiosis

30. Mitosis

31. Meiosis

32. Crossing over

34. Cell organelle

35. Ribosome

36. Cell membrane

37. passive and active transport

38. Endoplasmic Reticulum

39. Golgi Apparatus

40. Golgi Apparatus Present in most eukaryotic cells
One major function is to modify, sort, and package proteins to be secreted.

41. Mitochondria

42. Mitochondria Produce the energy Pyruvate and the citric acid cycle
NADH and FADH2: the electron transport chain
Heat production
Storage of calcium ions

43. Plasts

44. Chloroplast

45. Chloroplast
The main role of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water.
Function
Plant innate immunity
Photosynthesis
Energy carriers
Amino acid synthesis
Sugars and starches ….

46. Microbodies
Microbodies contain enzymes that participate in the preparatory or intermediate stages of biochemical reactions within the cell.
This facilitates the breakdown of fats, alcohols and amino acids.
Generally microbodies are involved in detoxification of peroxides and in photo respiration in plants.

47. Different types of microbodies
Peroxisomes
break down large molecules and detoxify hazardous substances
Glyoxysomes
convert stored lipids into carbohydrates

48. Lysosomes
Spherical vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down virtually all kinds of biomolecules

49. Vacuole Containing waste products Containing water in plant cells
Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
Maintaining an acidic internal pH

50. The Cell Nucleus