1. Formula Writing

2. Atoms can form ions by gaining or losing electrons.
Metals tend to lose one or more electrons to form positive ions called cations.
Cations are generally named by using the name of the parent atom.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

3. Nonmetals tend to gain one or more electrons to form negative ions called anions.
Anions are named by using the root of the atom name followed by the suffix –ide.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

4. TYPES OF COMPOUNDS Molecular: composed of molecules.
Contains two nonmetals and a covalent bond. (sharing electrons)
Ionic: composed of ions.
Contains metal-nonmetal and ionic bond. (transfer of electrons.)

5. Chemical Formula Composition Qualitative-which elements
Number of atoms in a molecule
Quantitative-how much
Molecule: group of 2 or more atoms of the same element or group of atoms of different elements to form a compound.

6. MEMORIZE THESE!! Structural formula: shows how the atoms are joined.
Empirical formula-smallest representative unit.
Formula unit-the lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound
Monatomic vs. Diatomic Elements:
MEMORIZE THESE!!
H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

7. Ionic bonding
Octet Rule: Atoms react by changing the number of electrons so as to acquire the stable electron configuration of a noble gas.
Depends on the number of valence electrons.
Lewis Dot Diagrams

8. Ions- atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative charge.
Cation: positively charged ion. Has lost electrons.
Anion: negatively charged ion. Has gained electrons.
Ionic bond is the force of attraction between oppositely charge ions.

9. IONIC CHARGES OF THE ELEMENTS
Location on the periodic table.
Transition metals can have multiple charges. (see page 130, Table 5-4)
Polyatomic ions are a tightly bond groups that behave as a unit and carry a charge.

10. Names of Common Polyatomic Ions
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

12. Fe+2, Fe+3 iron(II), iron(III)
Fe+2, Fe+3 iron(II), iron(III) ferrous ferric Cu+1, Cu+2 copper(I), copper(II) cuprous cupric Hg+1, Hg+2 mercury(I), mercury(II) mercurous mercuric

13. Sn+2, Sn+4 tin(II), tin(IV)
Sn+2, Sn+4 tin(II), tin(IV) stannous, stannic Pb+2, Pb+4 lead(II), lead (IV) plumbous, plumbic

14. NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
Cation named first.
Binary compounds: Two elements. Change the nonmetal ending to –ide.
Ternary compound: name polyatomic ion.
Some metals have more than one charge. Use –ous for lower charge. Use –ic for higher charge.
Stock naming system uses Roman numerals to show charge on ion.

15. Molecular Compounds Covalent Bond
sharing electrons
between two nonmetals
Use prefixes to designate number of atoms.
Write the element name first.
Change the ending of the second element to -ide.

16. Prefixes Used to Indicate Numbers in Chemical Names
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

17. Flow Chart for Naming Binary Compounds
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

18. Naming Acids Acids are ionic compounds that starts with H.
Binary Acids
The acid name begins with the prefix hydro-.
The root of the anion is used and the –ide is changed to –ic.
The word “acid” is used as the second word in the name.

19. Ternary Acids or Oxyacids
Acids involving hydrogen and a polyatomic ion.
When the anion ends in –ite, change the –ite ending on the stem to –ous.
When the anion ends in –ate, change the –ate ending on the stem to –ic.
The word “acid” is used as the second word in the name.

20. Relation of polyatomic ions
Name depends on the number of oxygens.
-ate is the higher number of oxygens.
-ite is the lower number of oxygens.
Per- is one oxygen more than –ate.
Hypo- is one oxygen less than –ite.

21. Flowchart for Naming Acids
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

22. Overall Strategy for Naming Chemical Compounds
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

23. Ions combine to form ionic compounds. Properties of ionic compounds
High melting points
Conduct electricity
If melted
If dissolved in water
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

24. Ionic compounds are electrically neutral.
The charges on the anions and cations in the compound must sum to zero.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

25. Rules For Writing Ionic Compounds
Write symbols of elements. Cation is first.
Determine charge on ions.
Select subscripts so the formula has zero total charge.
Polyatomic ions do not break down under ordinary chemical reactions.
When using subscripts with polyatomic ions, place formula ion in parentheses.

27. Criss Cross Method Numerical charge of each ion is crossed over and used as a subscript for the other ion. Signs of the number are dropped. Check for lowest whole number ratio.

29. Hydrates Hydrates are ionic compounds that contain water.
Name the ionic compound.
Using the Greek prefixes, indicate the number of water molecules present.
Ex. Zn(NO3)2 • 6 H2O
zinc nitrate hexahydrate.