1. Ch 1: The Science of Biology
bi·ol·o·gy (bī-ŏl'ə-jē)   n. The science of life and of living organisms. [Greek bio- , bio-  + Greek -logiā , -logy .]

2. 1-1 What is SCIENCE? Is an ________________
Uses__________ to ________ events
________and organizes ___________
Deals only with ____________
Looks for ________ and
____________
Use explanations to make useful ____________
organized method
evidence explain
Collects information
natural world
patterns
connections
predictions
H1N1 Virus

3. Thinking Like a Scientist
Scientific thinking usually begins with _____________________. (involve our senses) The information gathered from observations is called ____________.
observations
data

4. Thinking Like a Scientist – cont.
There are two main categories of data:
________________ data are expressed as numbers.
[length of red oak leaf = 18.6 cm]
________________ data are
descriptive and involve
characteristics that cannot be
counted.
[red oaks leaves have pointed lobes]
Quantitative
Qualitative

5. Thinking Like a Scientist – cont.
Inference
An ____________________ is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience.
Fossil Butte, Wyoming

6. Explaining and Interpreting Evidence
Hypothesis
A ____________________ is a proposed
scientific explanation for a set of observations.
Often in the form of an ______.....______......
statement
How?
Prior knowledge
Logical inference
Informed creativity If
then
Example:
If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light , then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer.

7. Explaining and Interpreting Evidence – cont.
Scientific hypotheses must be proposed in a way that enables them to be ___________________.
TESTED!
Louis Pasteur

8. Science as a Way of Knowing
Process
Science is an ongoing _____________________, therefore, scientific understanding is always ___________.
changing

9. Why do I need to understand science?
In our democratic society scientists alone do NOT make final decisions…They make ______________________. Final decisions are made by the citizens of our democracy that vote to express their opinions to elected officials.
recommendations

10. Our understanding of science is ___________ in ___________ intelligent
AIDS
Renewable fuels
Global warming
Stem Cell Research
Alternative energy
Endangered species
Bird flu
Cancer
Pollution
Cloning
Nuclear power
Our understanding of science is
___________ in ___________ intelligent
___________ about a wide variety
of ________ that affect our lives.
essential
making
decisions
issues

11. Science is ______________but a ___________________
Because of new tools, techniques,
& discoveries, our understanding of
science is _____________________.
not “just facts”
“WAY OF KNOWING”
ALWAYS CHANGING

12. Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis
1-2 How Scientists Work
Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis

13. The Scientific Method

14. Controlled Experiments
Variables
___________ are factors in an experiment that can change.
The _____________________________variable is the variable that is deliberately changed.
The ___________________________ variable is the variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable.
manipulated (Independent)
responding (Dependent)

15. Controlled Experiments – cont.
Controlled experiments involve two groups:
_________________ (experiences the independent variable)
and a
______________ (does NOT experience the independent variable)
Control group serves as a standard of comparison
A control is needed to ________________ alternate explanations of experimental results.
Treatment Group
Control Group
eliminate

16. Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
Section 1-2
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Controlled Variables:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
time
Several
days pass
Manipulated Variable:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
meat
Responding Variable:
whether maggots
appear
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

17. Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Gravy is teeming
with microorganisms.
Flask is open.
Gravy is boiled.
Gravy is free of
microorganisms.
Flask is sealed.
Gravy is boiled.

18. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Supported!
Reject!

19. How a Theory Develops theory
In science, the word ____________ applies to a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.
Enable scientists to make accurate ___________.
Examples:
The Cell Theory
The Theory of Evolution
predictions

20. 1-3 BIOLOGY =__________________ = ________________
The science of “LIFE”
Study of living things

21. It’s Alive!
Part Part 2

22. Characteristics of ALL LIVING THINGS
Made of _________
_____________
Based on a _____________________
_______ and ____________
______ & ___ ________ & _______
________ to their ____________
______________________________
As a group, __________________
cells
Reproduce
universal genetic code
Grow develop
Obtain use materials energy
Respond environment
Maintain a stable internal environment
change over time

23. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of cells
basic unit of life
The _____ is the ____________.

24. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of cells
UNICELLULAR
____________ organisms are _____________
made of only 1 cell
bacteria
(Ex: _________)
E. coli 0157H7

25. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of cells
MULTICELLULAR
_________________ organisms _______ as _________ but as adults are
_________________________
Ex: (___________)
BEGIN
ONE CELL
MADE OF MANY CELLS
Humans, Trees

26. ALL LIVING THINGS Reproduce
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
________________________
_____________the
_______________
from ____________
________________
Seen in animals and plants
combines
genetic material
2 parents
sperm + egg = baby

27. ALL LIVING THINGS Reproduce
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
_________________________
makes a new organism
using the
________________
from
_________________
Seen in bacteria, plants, and some animals
genetic material
ONLY 1 PARENT

28. All living things share a universal genetic code
Hereditary material = DNA
______________________
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Segment of DNA
________________ with instructions for one _________
is called a ________.
PROTEIN
GENE

29. ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop SINGLE CELLED INCREASING in SIZE
_____________ organisms, like a bacterium, grow by ________________.
INCREASING in SIZE

30. ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop
Multicellular organisms grow bigger by __________________
AND _____________________.
increasing cell size
increasing cell number

31. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM don’t just contain MANY CELLS… but many _______________ of cells with _____________________
DIFFERENT KINDS
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

32. PROCESS OF CHANGING
The ________________ EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS into different looking ADULT cells doing different jobs =
______________________________
DIFFERENTIATION

33. All cells have the SAME DNA...
_________________________
what makes them ___________ is
_______________ are _______________________
different
WHICH GENES
TURNED ON or OFF

34. It’s like having a whole library full of books, but reading only the books that are important to you.

35. ALL LIVING THINGS Take in Materials & Use Energy
grow and develop
To________________,organisms _______ a constant supply of
____________________ &
____________
need
BUILDING MATERIALS
ENERGY!
This sheep uses the
MOLECULES and ENERGY
in the food it eats to
make “more sheep”

36. ALL LIVING THINGS Take in Materials & Use Energy
AUTOTROPHS
________________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to ____________________
make their own food
GREEN PLANTS
Ex: _______________ use _______________to turn
_________ into _________
photosynthesis
glucose
sunlight

37. ALL LIVING THINGS Take in Materials & Use Energy
HETEROTROPHS
_________________
get their energy by
___________________
consuming other organisms
Animals
Ex: ________ (including you) and _________________
most bacteria

38. Vocab word chemical reactions METBOLISM
the combination of all the _________________ through which an organism ________ or ___________ materials as it carries out its life processes
= ___________________
chemical reactions
builds up
breaks down
METBOLISM

39. ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment
A signal to which an organism responds
= ___________________
STIMULUS

40. ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment
A stimulus can be
_________________
EXTERNAL
Ex: When there is enough water
and ground is warm enough,
seed germinates. Roots respond to
gravity & grow downward. Leaves respond to sunlight & grow up.

41. ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment
A stimulus can be
____________
INTERNAL
Ex: When the glucose level in your bloodstream becomes low, your body responds by making you feel hungry.

42. VOCAB WORD
A cell works to keep conditions inside the cell constant = ______________________
IF temperature, water content, nutrients, acidity change too much
. . . the cell will die.
HOMEOSTASIS

43. HOMEOSTASIS involves internal __________ mechanisms FEEDBACK
If body temp drops too low,
“shivering” produces
heat to warm you up.
If temp is too hot, “sweating” cools you down.

44. HOMEOSTASIS Drinking a BIG GULP increases the amount
of water in your body
Your next stop gets rid of the excess water.
(OSMOREGULATION)

45. ALL LIVING THINGS as a group, change over time
EVOLUTION
= ______________
Allows _______ of ________ in a ___________
survival
species
changing world

46. EVOLUTION = Change over time

47. Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization
Section 1-3
Biosphere
The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Community
Populations that
live together in a
defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Population
Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Bison herd

48. Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization – cont.
Section 1-3
Organism
Individual living
thing
Bison
Tissues, organs,
and organ
systems
Groups of
Cells
Nervous tissue
Brain
Nervous system
Smallest
functional
unit of life
Cells
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds
Molecules
Water
DNA

49. 1-4 Tools and Procedures metric system
Scientists use the ____________________. I M P O R T A N

50. Microscopes compound light microscope
A ____________________________ allows light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to form an image

51. Microscopes – cont. Electron microscopes Scanning Transmission
_____________________________ use beams of electrons, rather than light, to produce images.
Two types:
_____________ (SEM)
_______________ (TEM)
Scanning
Transmission

52. Laboratory Techniques
Cell culture
________________ = a group of cells is grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell.
cancer cell culture

53. Laboratory Techniques – cont.
Cell fractionation
____________________= technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated.