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UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY
10TH EDITION By Robert Feldman Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
CHAPTER THREE: NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 7: Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior
Why do psychologists study the brain and nervous system? What are the basic elements of the nervous system? How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Structure of the Neuron
Neurons (Nerve Cells) Basic elements of the nervous system As many as 1 trillion Glial cells Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Structure of the Neuron
Dendrites Clusters of fibers that receive messages from other neurons Axon Carries messages received by the dendrites to other neurons Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Structure of the Neuron
Terminal buttons Sends messages to other neurons Impulses Myelin sheath Protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axon like links of sausage Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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How Neurons Fire Transmit an electrical impulse along the axon
All-or-none law Resting state Action potential Mirror neurons Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap
Synapse Space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap
Neurotransmitters Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron Excitatory messages Increase likelihood that neuron will fire Inhibitory messages Decrease likelihood that neuron will fire Reuptake Reabsorption by the terminal button SSRIs Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Neurotransmitters: Multitalented Chemical Couriers
Acetylcholine (ACh) Glutamate Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) Dopamine (DA) Serotonin Endorphins Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 8: The Nervous System & the Endocrine System
Communicating Within the Body How are the structures of the nervous system linked together? How does the endocrine system affect behavior? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Nervous System: Linking Neurons
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Central nervous system Spinal cord Reflex Sensory (afferent) neurons Motor (efferent) neurons Interneurons Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Nervous System: Linking Neurons
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Peripheral Nervous System Somatic division Voluntary movements Autonomic division Controls organs that function automatically Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Activating the Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations by engaging all of the organism’s resources to run away or confront the threat “Fight or flight” Parasympathetic Division Calms the body after emergency ends Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous System
Evolutionary Psychology Branch of psychology that seeks to identify how behavior is influenced and produced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous System
Behavioral Genetics Studies the effects of heredity on behavior Molecular genetics and psychological disorders Genetic markers Behavioral genetics, gene therapy, and genetic counseling Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Endocrine System: Chemicals and Glands
Chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream Hormones Pituitary gland “Master gland” Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 9: The Brain How do researchers identify the major parts and functions of the brain? What are the major parts of the brain, and for what behaviors is each part responsible? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 9: The Brain How do the two halves of the brain operate interdependently? How can an understanding of the nervous system help us find ways to alleviate disease and pain? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Studying the Brain’s Structure and Functions
Spying on the Brain Electroencephalogram (EEG) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
Hindbrain Medulla Breathing and heartbeat Pons Transmitter of motor information Cerebellum Balance Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
Reticular formation Passes through the midbrain and into the forebrain Activates other parts of the brain to produce bodily arousal Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
Thalamus Relay station for information about the senses Hypothalamus Homeostasis Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”
The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core Amygdala Hippocampus Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain”
Gives the ability to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments Lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain”
The Motor Area of the Cortex Largely responsible for the body’s voluntary movement The Sensory Area of the Cortex Corresponds to body sensations Somatosensory area Touch Pressure Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Somatosensory Area Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain”
The Association Areas of the Cortex Executive functions Higher mental processes such as planning, goal setting, judgment, and impulse control Phineas Gage Aphasia Broca’s aphasia Wernicke’s aphasia Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Neuroplasticity and the Brain
The brain continually reorganizing itself Neurogenesis New neurons created in certain areas of the brain during adulthood Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Specialization of the Hemispheres
Two Brains or One? Left and right symmetrical halves Lateralized Left Verbal competence Processes information sequentially Right Spatial relationships Recognition of patterns and drawings Music Emotional expression Processes information globally Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres
Split-brain patients Corpus callosum surgically cut Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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