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Vocabulary 8th U.S. History
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Presidential Precedents
Foreign Policy Domestic Policy Political Party Executive Cabinet
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Precedent Something that is used as an example to be followed in the future
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Precedent Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Precedents Precedence
Precedential The new American Constitution followed many English precedents in its construction. Question to Ponder: Can a procedure or a rule set a “precedent?”
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Foreign Policy One nation interacting with another nation
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Foreign Policy Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Foreign policies
The U.S. Secretary of State’s job is to follow the president’s foreign policy when speaking to other countries. Question to Ponder: Would the Treaty of Paris of fall under the description of “foreign policy?”
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Domestic Policy Policy concerning issues within a person’s native country
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Domestic Policy Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Domestic policies
Shay’s Rebellion forced the delegates at the Constitutional Convention to examine their domestic policies. Question to Ponder: Would the presidential election be considered part of a country’s “domestic policy?”
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Political Party Organized group centered around specific political beliefs
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Political Party Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Political parties
Hamilton and Jefferson’s disagreements led to the establishment of political parties. Question to Ponder: Would a person join a “political party” with people who espoused different beliefs?
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Executive Cabinet Group of people who give advice to the leader of a government
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Executive Cabinet Forms: Example: Question to Ponder:
Executive cabinets The President of the United States relies on advice from his Executive Cabinet to make informed decisions. Question to Ponder: Would a group of friends who give someone advice be considered an “executive cabinet?”
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Adams’s Presidency Alien Point of View Characteristic Compare Contrast
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Alien Person belonging to a foreign country
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alien Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Aliens
People who emigrate to a new country are considered aliens. Question to Ponder: Would a citizen who left their home country as a child and returned as an adult be considered an “alien?”
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Point of View Perspective
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Point of view Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Points of view
Hamilton and Jefferson had different points of view concerning political ideologies. Question to Ponder: If I listened to only one perspective in a debate, have I considered all of the “points of view?”
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characteristic Trait or special quality
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characteristic Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Characteristics
Washington’s leadership characteristics helped him set precedents to run the nation. Question to Ponder: Would the details of an object still be considered “characteristics?”
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compare Describing similarities
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compare Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Comparison Compares
Compared Comparing Voters compared their beliefs with those of the presidential candidates in order to determine who to vote for. Question to Ponder: Can a “comparison” also make connections between two or more things?
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contrast Describing differences
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contrast Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Contrasts Contrasted
Contrasting Federalists and Democratic- Republicans had contrasting political beliefs. Question to Ponder: Would making a pro-con list help a person make sense of “contrasting” ideas?
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Jefferson’s Presidency
Judicial Review Jurisdiction Embargo Export Import
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Judicial Review Supreme Court power to declare a law unconstitutional
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Judicial Review Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: N/A
Using the power of judicial review, the Supreme Court declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional. Question to Ponder: If the president thought a Congressional law was unjustified, does he have the power of “judicial review?”
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Jurisdiction The right to exercise authority
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jurisdiction Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Jurisdictional
Jurisdictionally Making new laws falls under Congress’s jurisdiction. Question to Ponder: Would a teacher have “jurisdiction” in another teacher’s classroom?
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Embargo Limitations placed on trade
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embargo Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Embargoes Embargoed
Embargoing The U.S. has placed embargoes on other countries to prevent conflicts. Question to Ponder: If a foreign country decides not to trade with the United States, have they enacted an “embargo?”
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export Shipping goods or products to other countries for sale or trade
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export Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Exports Exported Exporting
Many farmers export their crops to other nations. Question to Ponder: If a country sends supplies to one of its colonies, has it “exported” these goods?
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import Bringing in goods and products from a foreign country to use or sell
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import Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Imports Imported Importing
The U.S. still imports some of its oil from the Middle East. Question to Ponder: If Target received a shipment of t- shirts from China, would it be considered an “import?”
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War of 1812 International Expansion Maritime Internal factors
External factors
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international Actions involving more than two or more nations
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international Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Internationally
International trade between the Americas and Europe began to decline during Adams’s presidency. Question to Ponder: Would a nation be involved in “international” affairs if they followed a policy of isolationism?
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expansion Increasing something’s size, amount, or range
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expansion Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Expand Expanding
Expanded Expanse The expanse of the U.S. greatly increased after Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana Territory. Question to Ponder: If I learned how to use new words, have I “expanded” my vocabulary?
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maritime Sailing or doing business on the high seas
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maritime Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: N/A
French and British captains ignored maritime laws when they captured American merchant ships. Question to Ponder: If a man owned a ferryboat and transported people across a lake, would he have a “maritime” business?
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Internal factors Things that cause something to happen from the inside
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Internal factors Forms: Example: Question to Ponder:
An internal factor to the War of was the conflicts between the natives and American settlers in the west. Question to Ponder: Would Shay’s Rebellion be an “internal factor” to the Constitutional Convention?
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External factors Things that cause something to happen from the outside
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External factors Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: External factor
The largest external factor that caused conflict during Adams’s presidency was the XYZ Affair. Question to Ponder: Would emigration be an underlying “external factor” of population change?
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Monroe’s presidency Doctrine Nationalism Infrastructure Sectionalism
Hemisphere
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Doctrine Statement of governmental policy concerning international relations
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doctrine Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Doctrines
President James Monroe established the Monroe Doctrine declaring U.S. supremacy in the Western Hemisphere. Question to Ponder: If the President of the United States creates a new plan for dealing with Isis, has he/she established a “doctrine?”
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nationalism Having an excessive pride or loyalty for one’s country
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nationalism Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Nationalist
Nationalistic American nationalism propelled citizens west across the continent. Question to Ponder: If I was proud of the veterans who served our country, would I be considered a “nationalist?”
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infrastructure Basic structures needed for a society to function properly
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infrastructure Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: N/A
Henry Clay’s American System worked to improve the American infrastructure. Question to Ponder: Could a war destroy a country's “infrastructure?”
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sectionalism Too much devotion to the interests of a specific region
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sectionalism Forms: Example: Question to Ponder:
Washington feared political parties could lead to sectionalism in the United States. Question to Ponder: If a native Georgian agreed with a presidential candidate simply because he/she was from the South, is this showing “sectionalism?”
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hemisphere Half of the Earth divided at the Prime Meridian or Equator
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hemisphere Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Hemispheres
President Monroe declared supremacy in the Western Hemisphere with the Monroe Doctrine. Question to Ponder: If a person cut a tennis ball in half, would it have different “hemispheres?”
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