1. The Runtime Environment
CSE 340 – Principles of Programming Languages
Spring 2016
Adam Doupé
Arizona State University

2. Locations and Names
What is the semantic distinction between locations and names?
How does the compiler actually implement locations and names?
How does the compiler map names to memory locations?
We are going to look into this process
Assuming static scoping

3. Global Variables Where can the compiler put variables?
Memory
Registers
Disk
"Cloud"
What are the constraints on those variables?
Who can access them?
Who can't?

4. mem[A] = mem[A] + mem[B] a @ 0x8049634 b @ 0x8049638 c @ 0x804963c
int a; int b; float c; int main() { a = 10; b = 100; c = 10.45; a = a + b; return 0; } A B C
mem[A] = 10
mem[B] = 100
mem[C] = 10.45
mem[A] = mem[A] + mem[B] 0x 0x
0x804963c
movl $0xa,0x
movl $0x64,0x
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,0x804963c
mov 0x ,%edx
mov 0x ,%eax
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
mov %eax,0x
ATT assembly syntax
gcc –Wall –m32
objdump –M att –D a.out

5. Local Variables What are the constraints on local variables?
Where can the compiler place local variables?
Global Memory (one for each function)

6. int fact(int n) { if (n == 0) return 1; } else return fact(n-1) * n;
ATT assembly syntax
gcc –Wall –m32
objdump –M att –D a.out

7. Local Variables What are the constraints on local variables?
Where can the compiler place local variables?
Global Memory (one for each function)
"Scratch memory" for each function

8. The Stack Stack is essentially scratch memory for functions
Used in MIPS, ARM, x86, and x86-64 processors
Starts at high memory addresses, and grows down
Functions are free to push registers or values onto the stack, or pop values from the stack into registers
The assembly language supports this on x86
%esp holds the address of the top of the stack
push %eax decrements the stack pointer (%esp) then stores the value in %eax to the location pointed to by the stack pointer
pop %eax stores the value at the location pointed to by the stack pointer into %eax, then increments the stack pointer (%esp)

9. Stack Example 0xFFFFFFFF … Garbage push %eax pop %ebx 0x10000
%esp
0x10000

10. Stack Example 0xFFFFFFFF … Garbage push %eax pop %ebx 0x10000
%esp
0x10000

11. Stack Example 0xFFFFFFFF … 0xa Garbage push %eax pop %ebx 0x10000
%esp
0xFFFC

12. Stack Example 0xFFFFFFFF … 0xa Garbage push %eax pop %ebx 0x10000
%esp
0xFFFC

13. Stack Example 0xFFFFFFFF … 0xa Garbage push %eax pop %ebx 0x10000
%esp
0xFFFC

14. Stack Example 0xFFFFFFFF … 0xa Garbage push %eax pop %ebx 0x10000
%esp
0x10000

15. Function Frame
Functions would like to use the stack to allocate space for their local variables
Can we use the stack pointer for this?
Yes, however stack pointer can change throughout program execution
Frame pointer points to the start of the function's frame on the stack
Each local variable will be (different) offsets of the frame pointer
In x86, frame pointer is called the base pointer, and is stored in %ebp

16. mem[%ebp+A] = mem[%ebp+A] + mem[%ebp+B] a @ %ebp – 0xc b @ %ebp – 0x8
int main() { int a; int b; float c; a = 10; b = 100; c = 10.45; a = a + b; return 0; }
%ebp + A
%ebp + B
%ebp + C
mem[%ebp+A] = 10
mem[%ebp+B] = 100
mem[%ebp+C] = 10.45
mem[%ebp+A] = mem[%ebp+A] + mem[%ebp+B]
%ebp – 0xc
%ebp – 0x8
%ebp – 0x4
mov %esp,%ebp
sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
ATT assembly syntax
gcc –Wall –m32
objdump –M att –D a.out

17. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000 0x
%eax
%esp
0x10000
%ebp

18. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000 0x
%eax
%esp
0x10000
%ebp

19. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000 0x
%eax
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

20. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000
0xFFFC
0xFFF8
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

21. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0xa mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000
0xFFFC
0xFFF8
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

22. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0xa mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000
0xFFFC
0xFFF8
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

23. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x64 0xa mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000
0xFFFC
0xFFF8
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

24. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x64 0xa mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000
0xFFFC
0xFFF8
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

25. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x64 0xa mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000
0xFFFC
0xFFF8
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax 0x
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

26. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x64 0xa mov %esp,%ebp sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000
0xFFFC
0xFFF8
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax 0x
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

27. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x41273333 0x64 0xa mov %esp,%ebp
sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000
0xFFFC
0xFFF8
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax 0x
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

28. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x41273333 0x64 0xa mov %esp,%ebp
sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000 c
0xFFFC b
0xFFF8 a
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax 0x
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

29. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x41273333 0x64 0xa mov %esp,%ebp
sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000 c
0xFFFC b
0xFFF8 a
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax
0x64
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

30. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x41273333 0x64 0xa mov %esp,%ebp
sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000 c
0xFFFC b
0xFFF8 a
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax
0x64
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

31. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x41273333 0x64 0x6E mov %esp,%ebp
sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000 c
0xFFFC b
0xFFF8 a
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax
0x64
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

32. Function Frame 0xFFFFFFFF … 0x41273333 0x64 0x6E mov %esp,%ebp
sub $0x10,%esp
movl $0xa,-0xc(%ebp)
movl $0x64,-0x8(%ebp)
mov $0x ,%eax
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x8(%ebp),%eax
add %eax,-0xc(%ebp)
0x10000 c
0xFFFC b
0xFFF8 a
0xFFF4
0xFFF0 0x
%eax
0x64
%esp
0xFFF0
%ebp
0x10000

33. Functions Declarations Invocation Function name
Formal parameters (names and types)
Return type
Invocation
f(x1,x2,…,xk)
x1,x2,...,xk are expressions
x1,x2,...xk are called the actual parameters
Invoking function must create the frame on the stack with enough space to hold the actual parameters

34. Function Frames
Allows us to allocate memory for the function's local variables
However, when considering calling a function, what other information do we need?
Return value
Parameters
Our frame pointer
Return address (where to start program execution when function returns)
Local variables
Temporary variables

35. Calling Convention
All of the previous information must be stored on the stack in order to call the function
Who should store that information?
Caller?
Callee?
Thus, we need to define a convention of who pushes/stores what values on the stack to call a function
Varies based on processor, operating system, compiler, or type of call

36. x86 Linux Calling Convention (cdecl)
Caller (in this order)
Pushes arguments onto the stack (in right to left order)
Pushes address of instruction after call
Callee
Pushes previous frame pointer onto stack
Creates space on stack for local variables
Ensures that stack is consistent on return
Return value in %eax register

37. callee:
push %ebp
mov %esp,%ebp
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
add $0x1,%eax
pop %ebp
ret
main:
sub $0x18,%esp
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
movl $0xa,(%esp)
call callee
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
leave
int callee(int a, int b) { return a + b + 1; } int main() int a; a = callee(10, 40); return a;
prologue
epilogue
prologue
ATT assembly syntax
gcc –Wall –m32
objdump –M att –D a.out
leave semantics Set ESP to EBP, then pop EBP.
epilogue

38. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2d4
%ebp
0xfd2c0
%eip
0x80483a5

39. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2d0
%ebp
0xfd2c0
%eip
0x80483a5

40. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2d0
%ebp
0xfd2c0
%eip
0x80483a5

41. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2d0
%ebp
0xfd2c0
%eip
0x80483a5

42. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2d0
%ebp
0xfd2c0
%eip
0x80483a6

43. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2d0
%ebp
%eip
0x80483a6

44. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2d0
%ebp
%eip
0x80483a8

45. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2b8 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483a8

46. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483ab

47. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483ab

48. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483b3

49. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483b3

50. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483ba

51. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b4
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483ba

52. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b4
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip 0x

53. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b4
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip 0x

54. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip 0x

55. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip 0x

56. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip 0x

57. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip 0x

58. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip 0x

59. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip 0x

60. 0xFFFFFFFF 0xfd2d4 callee: push %ebp 0x8048394 mov %esp,%ebp 0x8048395
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
main
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
callee
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip 0x

61. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x28
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip 0x

62. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x28
%edx
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip
0x804839a

63. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x28
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip
0x804839a

64. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x28
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip
0x804839d

65. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x32
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip
0x804839d

66. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x32
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip
0x80483a0

67. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip
0x80483a0

68. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
%eip
0x80483a3

69. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b0
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483a3

70. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b4
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483a3

71. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b4
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483a3

72. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b4
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483a4

73. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b4
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483bf

74. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483bf

75. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483bf

76. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483bf

77. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x33
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2cc
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483bf

78. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x33
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2cc
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483c2

79. 0xFFFFFFFF
0xfd2d4
callee:
push %ebp 0x
mov %esp,%ebp 0x
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x33
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2cc
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483c2

80. 0xFFFFFFFF 0xfd2d4 callee: push %ebp 0x8048394 mov %esp,%ebp 0x8048395
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x33
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2cc
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
leave semantics Set ESP to EBP, then pop EBP.
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2b8
%ebp
0xfd2d0
%eip
0x80483c5

81. 0xFFFFFFFF 0xfd2d4 callee: push %ebp 0x8048394 mov %esp,%ebp 0x8048395
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x33
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2cc
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
leave semantics Set ESP to EBP, then pop EBP.
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2d0
%ebp
%eip
0x80483c5

82. 0xFFFFFFFF 0xfd2d4 callee: push %ebp 0x8048394 mov %esp,%ebp 0x8048395
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x33
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2cc
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
leave semantics Set ESP to EBP, then pop EBP.
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2d0
%ebp
0xfd2c0
%eip
0x80483c5

83. 0xFFFFFFFF 0xfd2d4 callee: push %ebp 0x8048394 mov %esp,%ebp 0x8048395
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x33
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2cc
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
leave semantics Set ESP to EBP, then pop EBP.
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2d4
%ebp
0xfd2c0
%eip
0x80483c5

84. 0xFFFFFFFF 0xfd2d4 callee: push %ebp 0x8048394 mov %esp,%ebp 0x8048395
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x33
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2cc
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
leave semantics Set ESP to EBP, then pop EBP.
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2d4
%ebp
0xfd2c0
%eip
0x80483c5

85. 0xFFFFFFFF 0xfd2d4 callee: push %ebp 0x8048394 mov %esp,%ebp 0x8048395
mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 0x
mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx
0x804839a
lea (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
0x804839d
add $0x1,%eax
0x80483a0
pop %ebp
0x80483a3
ret
0x80483a4
main:
0x80483a5
0x80483a6
sub $0x18,%esp
0x80483a8
movl $0x28,0x4(%esp)
0x80483ab
movl $0xa,(%esp)
0x80483b3
call 0x
0x80483ba
mov %eax,-0x4(%ebp)
0x80483bf
mov -0x4(%ebp),%eax
0x80483c2
leave
0x80483c5
0x80483c6
0xfd2c0
0x33
0x28
0xa
0x80483bf
0xfd2d0
0xfd2d0
0xfd2cc
0xfd2bc
0xfd2b8
0xfd2b4
0xfd2b0 0x
leave semantics Set ESP to EBP, then pop EBP.
%eax
0x33
%edx
0xa
%esp
0xfd2d4
%ebp
0xfd2c0
%eip
0x80483c6

86. Function Parameter Passing
How did the previous example pass parameters to the function callee?
Pushed the values onto the stack
What are the semantics of passing parameters to a function?
Multiple approaches
Pass by value
Pass by reference
Pass by name

87. Pass by Value
Values of the actual parameters at function invocation are calculated and then copied to the function
We have seen how this is done for C, a copy of the values are placed on the stack

88. #include <stdio.h> int x; void test(int x) { x = x + 5; printf("%d\n", x); } int main() int y = 4; test(y); printf("%d\n", y); return y;
gcc –Wall pass_by_value.c
./a.out 9 4 x 9 4 y 4

89. Pass by Reference
The formal parameters are bound to the locations associated with the actual parameters
Thus, the actual parameters must be l-values

90. #include <stdio.h> int x; void test(int& x) { x = x + 5; printf("%d\n", x); } int main() int y = 4; test(y); printf("%d\n", y); return y;
g++ –Wall pass_by_value.c
./a.out 9 x y 9 4

91. Pass by name
The formal parameters are replaced by the text of the actual parameters everywhere in the function that the formal parameters occur
Algol 60

92. #include <stdio.h> int x; void test(int x) { x = x + 5; printf("%d\n", x); } int main() int y = 4; test(y); printf("%d\n", y); return y; void test(int y) y = y + 5;
gcc –Wall pass_by_name_1.c
./a.out 9

93. #include <stdio.h> int i; int a[10]; void inc(int x) { i++; x++; } int main() i = 1; a[1] = 1; a[2] = 2; inc(a[i]); printf("%d\n%d\n%d\n", i, a[1], a[2]); return 0; void inc(int a[i]) a[i]++;
gcc –Wall pass_by_name_2.c
./a.out 2 1 3

94. [adamd@ragnuk]$ gcc –Wall pass_by_name_3.c [adamd@ragnuk]$ ./a.out 5
#include <stdio.h> int i; int p(int y) { int j = y; i++; return j + y; } void q() int j = 2; i = 0; printf("%d\n", p(i+j)); } int main() q(); return 0; int p(int (i+j)) int j = (i+j); return j + (i+j);
gcc –Wall pass_by_name_3.c
./a.out 5

95. #include <stdio.h> int foo(int test) { return 10; } int main() int a = 0; int b = foo(a++); printf("%d\n%d\n", a, b); return 0; int foo(int a++)
gcc –Wall pass_by_name_4.c
./a.out 10

96. [adamd@ragnuk]$ gcc –Wall pass_by_name_simulation.c
./a.out 5
#include <stdio.h> int i; int p(int y) { int j = y; i++; return j + y; } void q() int j = 2; i = 0; printf("%d\n", p(i+j)); } int main() q(); return 0; int i, j; int i_plus_j() return i+j; int p(int (*y)(void)) int j = y(); return j + y(); j = 2; printf("%d\n", p(i_plus_j)); }

97. Java What is the parameter passing semantics of Java? Pass by value?
Pass by reference?
Pass by name?

98. class Testing { int foo; } public class ParameterPassing public static void main(String [] args) Testing bar = new Testing(); Testing snap = new Testing(); bar.foo = 0; snap.foo = 10; PassByQuestionMark(bar, snap); System.out.println(bar.foo + "\n" + snap.foo); public static void PassByQuestionMark(Testing a, Testing b) b = new Testing(); b.foo = 100; a.foo = 42;

99. Java Essentially pass by value and assignment share semantics
Note that this is not standard terminology
How is it implemented under-the-hood?

100. Local Functions
From what we have seen so far, variables are either global or local
What if we want a language that allows defining local functions
Functions that are only valid in the containing scope

101. [adamd@ragnuk]$ gcc –Wall local_functions.c [adamd@ragnuk]$ ./a.out 10
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);
gcc –Wall local_functions.c
./a.out 10

102. Local Functions
Can the previously discussed cdecl calling convention support support local functions?

103. foo
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);

104. foo
bar
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);

105. foo
bar
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);

106. foo
bar
baz
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);

107. foo
bar
baz
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);

108. foo
bar
baz
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);

109. foo
bar
baz
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);

110. foo
bar
baz
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);

111. Access Link Saved base pointer (EBP) save the caller's base pointer
We want the base pointer of our lexical parent, not our caller's parent
Thus, we need to add another element to our calling convention
This is called the "access link"
Therefore, a function can follow the access links until the last lexical scope is found

112. foo
bar
baz
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);

113. foo
bar
baz
#include <stdio.h> void foo() { int x; void bar() void baz() x = x + 1; if (x < 10) bar(); } baz(); x = 0; printf("%d\n", x);