1. Psychology

2. Learning objective
New title: Social explanations for criminal behaviour

3. Learning Outcomes Recap learned behaviour theories
Find out about Edexcel’s key themes for social explanations:
Divorce
Separation for the maternal care giver
Family size
Parental occupation
Family patterns
Child rearing techniques
Self fulfilling prophecies

4. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Recap
What is classical conditioning? How could it be a theory linked to learned criminal behaviour?
What is Social Learning Theory? How could it be a theory linked to learned criminal behaviour?
Which is the better explanation for criminal behaviour? Why?

5. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Divorce
Why do you think divorce is considered to be a factor for social explanations for criminal behaviour?
(we will NOT spend much time on this).

6. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Separation / Maternal deprivation
This was a theory made by John Bowlby in 1944 and used as government directive in the 1960s as to why women should give up work when they have children.
Bowlby found that of a number of male offenders he researched, a large proportion of the boys who felt no guilt had been separated from their mother by the age of 2.
Of the criminals who felt guilt, it was the opposite – a small percentage had been separated from their mothers.
The rate of criminality did not change – just levels of guilt.
Is this good evidence? How does this
research still impact us today?

7. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Family size
Farrington (2002) found that families with lots of children, around 6/7, were more likely to show a higher rate of criminality.
He felt that it could be linked to variety of factors:
Lack of attention
Lower incomes, or income that is required to stretch further
Fewer educational opportunities

8. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Parents Occupation
In Australia, Western (2003) found that the father’s occupation, even if unemployed, did not have an affect on a child. The mother’s, however, did.
Research has found that the role of the father in the home (as in, how much he does, if present) has a greater impact on girl’s self esteem. Why do you think this is?

9. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Family Patterns
Farrington (2002) conducted a longitudinal study on 411 boys ion London. Using interviews they found that the links of the boys turning to crime were:
Low supervision by parents
Poor housing
Parental neglect
Harsh or inconsistent parenting
Separation of parents * highest link / correlation along with arguing*
Low achievement in schools
What has been put into place for
this?

10. Social explanations for criminal behaviour

11. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Type of research
Evidence for social causes
Evidence against social causes
Classical conditioning
Social Learning Theory
Divorce
Separation / maternal deprivation
Family size
Parental occupation
Family patterns
Social explanations for criminal behaviour

12. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
New title: Child rearing as an explanation
What do we mean by child-rearing?
Think about key words we have used before:
Role models
Vicarious reinforcement
Modelling
Identification
Observational learning

13. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Hoffman (1984) identified three childrearing strategies are referred to when parents deal with naughty children. You will need to summarise each of the following:
Induction
Love withdrawal
Power Assertion

14. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Induction
Explaining what the child has done wrong and the consequences.
Child develops a sense of wrongdoing.
Encourages empathy – as the child learns from another perspective.

15. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Love withdrawal
Here the parents withdraws their affection and makes the child feel guilty.
The child’s feelings are manipulated – so they do not develop a sense of individuality and independence because of this rejection.

16. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Power Assertion – can involve hitting, smacking, criticism, etc.
This strategy is most often associated with delinquency and leads to low self esteem, especially if:
Punishment is inconsistent.
Punishment is severe & lengthy.
Threats are not seen through .
Parents approach are inconsistent.

17. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
New title: Self fulfilling prophecy
What do you think this means?

18. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Self fulfilling prophecy
This is when an expectation has been made on someone so they conform to that image.
It is a theory that suggests that what people say of us because of who we are, is a predication of what we will become.

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Self fulfilling prophecy

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21. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Do you agree with this statement?

22. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
In education, research by Carol Dweck has introduced the idea of changing mind-sets. Changing how we think of ourselves to alter our futures.
Do you experience this in school?

23. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Self fulfilling prophecy is often linked to negative behaviours, rather than Carol Dweck’s idea of linking it to positive behaviours.
Rosenthal & Jacobsen (1968) examined if school achievement could be self-fulfilling.
Students took an IQ test and teachers were told which students were average and which were high-achievers. This was a lie.
Teachers had lower expectations for average students and gave more attention to ‘high achievers.’
After 1 year, results revealed IQ increases for high achievers and IQ decreases for low achievers. The teachers expectations of the child’s ability, alerted how they were treated and as a result their actual ability.

24. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
Jahoda (1954) conducted a study about names of children (that in the town were linked to the day they were born and found that names and days of birth were linked:
Similar to our poem:

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What’s wrong with this style of research?
Do you think Jahoda (1954) has created some good research which we can replicate and copy?
Does this predict your behaviour?

41. Social explanations for criminal behaviour
New title: Comparing theories of criminal behaviour
Read pages 174 – 175 and then copy down the grid on page 174