1. Evolution and Diversity

2. Essential question
How does natural selection determine the evolution and survival of a species?

3. Evolution
A change in genetic characteristics from one generation to the next
Why are plants and animals suited to their environment?
Slow process caused by mutations and natural selection

4. Human Mutation Rate 100-200 per generation
1 mutation per 30,000,000 base pairs
Source: Nature August 27, 2009

5. Natural Selection
Unequal survival and reproduction rates due to the presence or absence of traits
Gradual
Many generations

6. Charles Darwin British naturalist HMS Beagle – 1831-1836
Origin of Species – 1859
Alfred Russel Wallace – Borneo

7. Main Points of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:
1.) Environments are hostile. 2.) All organisms have the ability to produce more offspring than can survive. 3.) Individuals vary in their traits. 4.) Some traits give certain individuals an advantage. 5.) Positive traits are passed on to offspring.

8. Mutation
A change of the DNA sequence of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parent.

9. Adaptation
A change in anatomy, physiology or behavior that increases an organism’s chances for survival and reproduction.

10. Coevolution
The process of two species evolving in response to long term interactions with one another.

11. Artificial Selection
The selective breeding of organisms by humans for specific characteristics.

12. Resistance
The ability of an organism to tolerate a chemical or disease causing agent.

13. The Diversity of Life Six Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi
Protists
Plants
Animals

14. Archaebacteria Single celled No nuclei Live in extreme environments
Methanogens
Thermophiles

15. Eubacteria Single celled No nuclei
Common (bacteria in soil and intestines, blue-green algae[cyanobacteria])
Bacteria
Important decomposers
Break down organisms and recycle nutrients
- nitrogen fixers
- E. coli –good and bad

16. Fungi Have nuclei and cell walls
Absorb food through breaking down organic matter (decomposer)
Mushroom- the reproductive structure of a fungus
Underground network of fibers

17. Protists Usually single celled Live in water Amoebas, diatoms
Algae- phytoplankton to giant kelp

18. Plants Multicelluar Cell walls Make their own food. - Photosynthesis
Vascular tissue to transport nutrients xylem (up) and phloem (down)
Lower Plants – Mosses (no vascular system) and ferns (seedless)

19. Plants Gymnosperms Woody plants that produce “naked” seeds - conifers
- pollen, seeds
- live in dryer conditions
- economically important – lumber and paper

20. Plants
Angiosperms
Flowering plants (seeds in fruit)
Most of our food

21. Animals
Cannot make their own food
Cells lack cell walls
Mobility

22. Animals
Invertebrates
No backbone
Insects
Gastropods
Giant squid

23. Animals Vertebrates Have a backbone - mammals - birds - fish
- amphibians

24. Animals
Warm blooded
- Endotherm
- Mammals, birds

25. Animals
Cold blooded
Ectotherm
Reptiles, amphibians, fish