1. MOTIVATION & EMOTION

2. HUNGRY?
What motivates you to eat? Is it physiological (physical) factors or psychological (mental) factors? Could it be a combination of both? Did the pictures in the previous slides make you hungry? If they did, then you were psychologically motivated.

3. Motivation is an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

4. Motive
Motive:
A stimulus that makes a person behave in ways to accomplish a goal
Cannot be seen or measured
Deal with the “whys” of behavior

5. Needs Need: When we require something we lack
We have biological and psychological needs
Biological: oxygen, food (survival)
Psychological: achievement, self-esteem, social approval

6. Drives Drive: A force that motivates an organism to take action
Ex: biological need for food leads to the hunger drive

7. FOUR THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts
Drive-Reduction Theory
Incentive theory
Cognitive theory

8. INSTINCT THEORY
We are motivated by a variety of instincts (innate tendencies that determine behavior)
early 1900’s.
Do not explain behavior; simply label it

9. Drive-Reduction Theory
We have needs that produce drives (an internal condition that orients an individual toward a specific goal)
Biological needs drive us to action. We are motivated/driven to reduce our needs.
If we are hungry or thirsty, we become tense and agitated. To relieve the tension we act to fulfill our hunger or thirst.
Hunger drives us to eat
Fatigue drives us to rest
Focuses on physiological needs

10. INCENTIVE THEORY
Incentives are an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior
Drives and Incentives work together
Hunger may cause you to walk to the café (drive). The incentive is the cheese steak.
If your drive is weak, our incentive must be strong
If our drive is strong enough, the incentive is less important

11. Actions are the result of Intrinsic & extrinsic motivations
COGNITIVE THEORY
Actions are the result of Intrinsic & extrinsic motivations
Intrinsic: comes from within. We engage in behaviors because they are personally rewarding
Extrinsic: comes from outside. We engage in behaviors that reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards

12. Biological Needs - physiological requirements necessary for survival
Social Needs – psychological needs acquired through learning and experience
Studies showed that Obese people eat because of external (social) cues more than normal weight people. What influences our eating habits?

13. BIOLOGICAL/PHYSIOLOGICAL HUNGER FACTORS
Our body and brain send cues that cause us to eat.
The stomach, liver, and intestines send hunger cues
The hypothalamus in the brain receives the cues from your organs and signals you to eat.
GENETIC HUNGER FACTORS
Inherited instructions found in our genes.
Determine metabolic rate
Everyone has a set point (a certain level of body fat that our bodies strive to maintain constant throughout our lives)
SOCIAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL HUNGER FACTORS
Things you learn about eating
Ex. Eating while watching television
Ex. Peer pressure to stay a certain weight

14. Sex & Motivation
Is the desire to have sex biologically motivated, socially motivated, or both?
Sex glands secrete hormones that control sexual interest (Biological)
status, peer pressure, money (Social)

15. MALE FEMALE GENDER INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL MOTIVATION
More interested in sex; initiate and think about sex more often
Less interested in sex
Want sex with more partners
Not as interested in sex with many partners
Desire sex without emotional commitment
Desire sex with emotional commitment
Focus on youth and physical attractiveness when choosing a sex partner
Focus on social and economic status when choosing a sex partner
Feel more jealous when partner is physically unfaithful
Feel more jealous when partner is emotionally unfaithful

16. Need for Achievement = Social Motive
Desire to set challenging goals and persist in trying to reach those goals
What role does it play in the life of a high school student?
Fear of Failure = Social motivate
How can fear of failure impact your motivation?

17. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Which needs to we satisfy first?

18. Humanistic Theory (Abraham Maslow)
People are motivated by the conscious desire for personal growth and fulfillment
We strive to reach self-actualization
The need to become what we believe we are capable of being
“full-potential”
Hierarchy of Needs
We must satisfy our needs at one level before we will move on to the next level

19. Sociocultural
Even if basic drives are inborn, cultural experiences and factors influence the behavior we use to satisfy the drives
Ex: foods we eat to satisfy hunger drive, kiss or shake hands to greet others

20. EMOTIONS
Emotion is a set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior.

21. Motivation & Emotion
Motivation is the source of our behavior. Emotion is the feelings associated with our behavior.
Emotions can function as motivation
i.e. Hit someone because you are angry
i.e. do it because it makes you happy

22. Four Components of Emotion
Interpret, appraise some stimulus (ex. Shark = serious threat)
Experience a feeling (fear, terror)
Physiological response (heart rate or breathing change)
Show observable behaviors (cry, panic, freeze)
We don’t know exactly how and why people feel emotions. There are several theories out there. They all agree that the four components are involved. They disagree on which order they occur.

23. Physiological Theories
There is a large debate on the order that the four basic components occur in.
Therefore, we have different theories on Emotion.
Physiological Theories
Cognitive Theories

24. Physiological Theories of Emotion
Main Belief – Emotions derive from physical changes in the body
Physiological changes MAY NOT CAUSE emotions but they certainly increase their intensity.
i.e. fear heightened when heart races (panic attack)

25. Cognitive Theories of Emotion
Main Belief – Emotions result from mental processes and physiological changes working together

26. Universal Facial Expressions
Paul Ekman – some facial expressions are universal & few of us (10 – 20%) could hide true emotions
How can this information help us in life?
Anger
Fear
Sadness
Surprise
Happiness
Disgust
Contempt
Contempt - the feeling with which a person regards anything considered mean, vile, or worthless; disdain; scorn OR the state of being despised; dishonor; disgrace.