1. Human Anatomy and Physiology
Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the external or internal environments.
2. Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous
system and endocrine system, acting
together or independently to bring the
environment back into balance.
Nervous system detects changes and sends impulses to counteract the disruption
Endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones
Even though both systems work great to regulate homeostasis, nerve impulses from the nervous system have a faster effect, than the hormones secreted by the Endocrine system.
Endocrine system page 128 (VAHA)
Principles of Anatomy & Physiology

2. Organization of the Human Body
Chapter One
For the body’s cells to survive, the composition of the surrounding fluids must be maintained precisely at all times
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
ECF filling narrow spaces between cells of tissues (interstitial fluid, intercellular fluid, or tissue fluid)
ECF in blood vessels (plasma)
Since ECF is in constant motion throughout the body and also surrounds all body cells, it is often called the body’s internal environment.

3. Introduction The purpose of the chapter is to:
Introduce anatomy and physiology as specific disciplines
Consider how living things are organized
Reveal shared properties of all living things.
Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death
Disorder is a general term for any derangement of abnormality of function
Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
A Local disease affects one part or a limited region of the body
A Systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts
Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (headache, nausea)
Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure; (fever or rash)
Diagnosis is the art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease; a diagnosis is generally arrived at after the taking of a medical history and the administration of a physical examination (Clinical Application).

4. Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationships among structures
Subdivisions of anatomy include surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology, cytology, and pathological anatomy

5. Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Physiology is the study of how body structures function.
Subdivisions of physiology include cell physiology, system physiology, pathophysiology, exercise physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunophysiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, and reproductive physiology

6. Levels of body Organization

7. Let’s Get Organized…
Start with atoms, end with organism

8. Here it is… Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells
Tissues – groups of cells with similar function
Organs – 2 or more tissues
Organ systems – multiple organs with a common function
Organism

10. Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Basic Life Processes
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body (incl. catabolism and anabolism)
Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, and single cells

11. Characteristics of the Living Human Organism (cont.)
Growth refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size or cells or both.
Differentiation is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.
Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, replacement, or the production of a new individual.
The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing and imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.
When in the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor (Fig. 1. 5) (autopsy)
Reclining Position
If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position
If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position

12. Chapter 1 Organization of the body Directional terminology
Physiological basics

13. Anatomical Position Reference position for directions
Standing posture, arms at sides, palms forward

14. Body Cavities Dorsal Ventral Abdominopelvic Cranial Spinal Thoracic
Pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic

15. Thoracic Cavity

16. Membranes Thin, line cavities and cover organs
Parietal – line wall of cavity
Visceral – cover organs
Ex. – parietal pleura, visceral peritoneum

17. Directional Terms Superior/inferior Anterior/posterior
Ventral (belly side)/dorsal (back side)
Medial/lateral
Proximal/distal
Superficial/deep

18. Divides body into right & left halves.
Sagittal Plane
Divides body into right & left halves.

19. Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides body into front & back portions.

20. Divides body into upper & lower portions.
Transverse Plane
Divides body into upper & lower portions.

21. Assignment Write a sentence for these: Superior/inferior
Anterior/posterior
Ventral (belly side)/dorsal (back side)
Medial/lateral
Proximal/distal
Superficial/deep

22. For Example…
The revolving restaurant is superior to the parking garage.

23. The subway is inferior to the street.

24. Sagittal Plane

25. Homeostasis “Staying the same” Stability despite fluctuations
Via regulatory mechanisms

26. Can you think of some examples?

27. Blood Sugar Maintenance

28. Temperature Maintenance

29. System Components Receptor Control Center Effector

30. Feedback Loops Negative feedback
Inhibitory – response is opposite disturbance
Stabilizing

31. Feedback Loops Positive Stimulatory – response amplifies stimulus
Can be dangerous – so rare!
Blood clotting, labor contractions

32. Positive Feedback