1. Adrian Scott MSc Senior MBACP Accredited www.counsellingme.co.uk

2. Paper Free! pdf files on website Background
Please respect the copyright – Do not share

3. My Experience MBACP Senior Accredited Counsellor
MBACP Senior Accredited Supervisor for Individuals and Groups
Managed Counselling services in Voluntary Sector
Bereaved, Homeless, Mental health, Carers

4. Expert Not a guru or psychodynamic expert Do not know everything
Ideas to be Debated / Challenged

5. Other City Literary Courses
Introduction to the Unconscious Day
Working with Bereavement Day
Living through Bereavement Day
Psychology of Attachment 6 Fridays 6-9pm

6. Morning Session 10.40 Introduction 11am Icebreaker Exercise
12.00 Theory of the Psychodynamic Counselling
1pm Lunch  

7. Afternoon Session 2 pm Assessment Exercise 3pm Break
3.15pm Theory of the Psychodynamic Counselling
3.45pm Case Examples - Video
4.15pm Round Up / Administration
4.30pm End

8. Your Experience, Ideas & Examples

9. Audio Visual Jan Gale – Clinical Assessment Tavistock Clinic
Susie Orbach - Radio Case Studies
Cardiff Primary School – Organisational Case Study
Tavistock Clinic

10. Learning Outcomes
An Understanding of some of the History of the Psychodynamic
An Understanding of some of the Theory of the Psychodynamic
An Understanding of some of your own Psychodynamics!

11. The Day Wide range of skills in the room
Hope you all get something out of it
I am not an expert on the Psychodynamic Approach
Encourage you to have your own view

12. Boundaries
Look after yourselves the Psychodynamic Approach can be a difficult and emotive subject
Do not say anything you do not want to say. This is not a therapy group!
Confidentiality Agreement -
All personal information should be kept to this
room and with this group of people.

13. Living a Psychodynamic Life by Adrian Scott
Be Sceptical (Greek for Inquiry) Hidden
Unconscious
Relate to Parental / Family experience in childhood Presenting Past
Aware of Repeat Defenses Compulsion Resistance
Stages of development Anal, Oral ………… Stuck not completed
Attachment How? Why? Bereavement
Childhood Relationships

14. Living a Psychodynamic Life by Adrian Scott
Parts of a whole -relating to one another
Transference

15. Living a Psychodynamic Life by Adrian Scott
Limited Love Choices / Career choices / Parenting style
Common Unhappiness
"transform neurotic misery into common unhappiness“ Sigmund Freud
Rearrange the Furniture / Unable to change the furniture

16. Icebreaker Exercise Ask Your Colleague: 1. What brought you here?
2. What is your interest and experience of the
subject?
3. What do you want from the day?
You will be asked to briefly and concisely to report back what
your colleague has told you to the group, and check with your
colleague how you did!

17. What do you want from the Day?
Are there any Topics, Issues, that you would like to focus or discuss today?
Write on flip chart

18. 10-15 minute Break

19. Theory of the Psychodynamic Approach

20. Our Relationship to Theory

21. The Theory
Tool
Guide

22. The Theory of Psychodynamic Counselling
Setting the Scene – Vienna in 1880s
Hypnotized Example Childhood Example
Neurology - The nervous system Conscious/ pre conscious / unconscious
Psychoanalysis / Psychodynamic Free Association / Interpretation of Dreams /Unconscious
Superego ego id Defense Mechanisms Transference / Counter transference Critique

23. Theory has its place
Not thinking of theory in the room with the client Being with the client Theory - In supervision? So Theory is there for us to pick and choose
Theory is there to help and support the being with

24. Vienna in 1880 Rise of New National States
Rapid Increase of progress in Science, Industry, and Commerce.
Exploration of remaining area of the world
Deep-rooted security in Europe – Hapsburg Empire
Universal stable values – men, women, family, class, hierarchy

25. Vienna in 1880 Strong emphasis on male domination
World shaped for men by men.
Male virtues of ambition, aggressiveness, and toughness seen as positive.
Education, family life was authoritarian
Laws were repressive: corporal punishment the norm.

26. Vienna in 1880 Class society – Rigid divide between rich and poor
Every bourgeois family had domestic servants
Relationship between master and servant was unsentimental and authoritarian
White mans’ domination of the world was unquestioned

27. Vienna in 1880
Stars involved in public quarrels, and then making up all in public view.
Vienna was -
Authoritarian and Rigid culture
Women were domestic servants
Lots of Leisure time

28. Vienna in 1880
Public obsession with love Love was a prime concern to men and women People were in love with the idea of love
Which set the scene for
Hysteria – attributed to women
Theory of Sex

29. Birth of Sexual Psychology
In Vienna
Sex was Taboo
Homosexuality banned
Inappropriate relationships with children
Sexually deviant behaviour rife
Idea that Psychological reasons are at the root of sexual perversions gained ground

30. Vienna in 1880
Science was used as entertainment. People would go to see famous magicians and scientists performing tricks and doing experiments
Hypnotism was performed at shows and was popular entertainment

31. Drama
Audience
Theatrical
Showman

32. Hypnosis Example Awake Person is Hypnotised
Person given suggestion Trigger - clap hands when hypnotised person hears “Hello”
Hypnotiser says “Hello”
Person hears command “Hello” and claps their hands
Person Woken Up – unaware of Trigger

33. Hypnosis “Trick”
Awake Person who is unaware of what has happened / Trigger  
Hypnotiser says “hello”
Hypnotised person claps hands
Audience Applause

34. How? How is the brain able to be hypnotized?
Where is the dormant information or trigger stored for future re-activation?
Is this the unconscious?
Is the unconscious a place where certain thoughts stay separate from the conscious?

35. Parallel to Hypnosis – Childhood Example
Awake child
Has a painful experience
Child “forgets / stores” experience (suggestion /command /trigger)
At later stage in adulthood - “forgotten experience” is remembered by (suggestion /command /trigger )
Adult relives childhood pain

36. Childhood Teaching Example
Child bitten by dog on a hill walk with family
Dog Lover Parent blames child. Child hurt.
Child “forgets” painful experience
Later in life “forgotten experience” is remembered by (suggestion /command/trigger)
Adult dislikes hill walking / dogs

37. Turning Point

38. Concept of a person
1900s

39. Concept of a person
Post 1900s

40. “In the modern age we have come to understand our own selves as composites often contradictory, even internally incompatible. We understand that each of us is many different people. Our younger selves differ from our older selves; we can be bold in the company of lovers and timorous before our employers; principled when we instruct our children and corrupt when offered some secret temptation; we are serious and frivolous, loud and quiet, aggressive and easily abashed. The 19th century concept of the integrated self has been replaced by the jostling of I’s and yet unless we are damaged or deranged we usually have a relatively clear sense of who we are. I agree with my many selves to call all of them “me”.
Salman Rushdie – Midnight’s Children

41. Link to Psychodynamic “ I don’t feel myself today”
“ I don’t like that side of myself ”
“ It just came over me, & I felt so cross with myself ”
So the phrase “I felt so cross with myself” becomes
I reminds the person
of when their parents were actually cross with them.
of the fantasy that their parents would be cross with them if they knew
of the frustration of the person who might be cross with them
of the illustration of the punitive part of the self called the super ego or conscience.

42. Arrival of Freud!

43. Sigmund Freud
Freud studied medicine and neurology at the University of Vienna under Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician. From 1882 to 1886 Freud worked at the General Hospital, and experimented among others with cocaine, also using it himself.
He went to Paris in 1885 to study under Jean Martin Charcot at the Salpetriere Hospital. There the hypnotic treatment of women, who suffered from a medical state called ‘hysteria’, led Freud to take an interest in psychiatry.

44. How?
Freud was the first person to attempt to create and record a theory that reaches the unconscious

45. Freud created Theory of Psychoanalysis

46. The Theory of Psychoanalysis
 AIM: Make the Unconscious Conscious
How?  Patient – lies down
Free Association
Interpretation of Dreams
Unconscious
Defense Mechanisms
Childhood link to Adulthood 
Objects Relations Theory

47. The Psychoanalyst Own analysis 5-10 years
Comfortable and familiar with their own unconscious?
Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance
Transference and Countertransference
Working with defences – repression
Anxiety

48. Psychoanalysis & Archaeology
Freud’s Desk

49. Psychoanalysis Realising the unconscious is like an archaeological dig
Brush away the earth to reveal another layer
Repeat unconscious ideas to patient at each level - Directions to Jerusalem

50. Defense Mechanisms
Repression: blocking of memories, emotions, ideas form the conscious
Denial Refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening
Splitting: denying parts of the self that are perceived as unpleasant
Delusion, Distortion, Identification, Acting Out, Idealisation, Somatising, Projection, Passive Aggression, Projective Identification, Intellectualising, Regression, Disassociation, displacement, fantasy.

51. Psychoanalysis Psychological theory conceived 19th / early 20th
Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions,
Mostly by some of Freud's students, such as Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Wilhelm Reich
Later by neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Jacques Lacan

52. Psychoanalysis
Development is determined by events in early childhood by irrational drives;
Drives are largely unconscious
Making person aware of meets resistance called defense mechanisms
Conflicts between conscious and unconscious (repressed)
Liberation from the effects of the unconscious is done by making it conscious with a psychoanalyst

53. Psychoanalysis Patient lies on the couch and talks
Analyst - Blank Screen / does not speak
Unconscious brought to light by
Free Association Dreams
Transference / Counter Transference

54. Psychoanalysis Transference
Unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another
The inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood
Redirection of feelings and desires and especially of those unconsciously retained from childhood toward a new object
Copying of emotions relating to repressed experiences, especially of childhood, and the substitution of another person ... for the original object of the repressed impulses
Better understanding of the patient's feelings

55. Psychoanalysis Transference
Transference can form a relationship of
Erotic Feelings
Rage / Hatred
Mistrust Parent / Extreme dependence Putting therapist in a god-like or guru status

56. Psychoanalysis Counter-Transference
Psychoanalyst’s feelings towards the transference / patient
Emotional entanglement with a patient.
Psychoanalyst’s familiarity with own countertransference is as critical as understanding the transference
Valuable insight into what patients are attempting to elicit in psychoanalyst

57. Counter -Transference Example
Psychoanalyst who is attracted to a patient
Understand the countertransference aspect (if any) of the attraction, and look at how the patient might be eliciting this attraction.
When the countertransference feelings are identified the therapist can ask the patient what his or her feelings are toward the therapist,
Can explore how those feelings relate to unconscious motivations, desires, or fears.

58. Carl Jung 1875 –1961
Both Jung and Freud had profound belief in the unconscious
Jung emphasised the role of symbolism
Fell out: Freud not flexible enough to further Jung’s work
Drew on Mythical and anthropological to illuminate (not prove) his theory

59. Jung / Freud Differences
Freud – Scientific Psychoanalysis
Theory Instincts Sexuality
Conscious/Unconscious /Free A./Dreams
Jung – Unscientific Analytic Psychology
Archetypes Collective Unconscious, Literature, Myths and Legends

60. Carl Jung Archetypes The Self (ego) - archetype of wholeness
Shadow – generally negative projected onto less favoured groups and indivduals
Persona – the face shown to others

61. Carl Jung Archetypes Anima – In men feminine aspect of man
Animus – In women masculine aspect of of women
Function as opposites in the unconscious
Influence relations of men and women to each other

62. Carl Jung Sources
Symbols from mythology, religion, fairy tales, alchemic texts
Symbols shared be everyone ….
Collective Unconscious – pool of experience accessible to all

63. Jung - Complex
A Complex is a personal unconscious - core of emotions, memories, perceptions
Complexes are part of the psyche, source of all human emotions
Complexes act autonomously
Interfere with the will, disturbing memory and
the conscious
Complexes are not negative, but their effects can be

64. Carl Jung Jungian Analysis
Goal - Analysand’s wholeness
Come to terms with the Unconscious
Establish on-going relationship between consciousness and the unconscious
Examine relationship between unconscious and everyday life

65. Carl Jung Diagram of Psyche
Conscious
Personal Ucs
Collective Ucs
Self
Complexes

66. Carl Jung Clips Transference and Archetypes - 10 minutes
Collective Unconscious – 5 minutes
Transference and Archetypes – 10 minutes
Fantasy and the Unconscious - 5 minutes
Jung on Freud and the Unconscious – 4 minutes

67. Psychoanalysis to Psychodynamic
Freud and the Unconscious Psychoanalysis Jung
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic Counselling

68. Links Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic
Freud Psychodynamic
Dreams Interpersonal
Interpretation Making Links
Free Association Presenting Past
Lying Down Sitting Up

69. Characteristics of the Psychodynamic
The Frame
Face to face talking
Transference / Counter transference
Resistance
Childhood / Parental Attachments

70. Freud and the Unconscious
An iceberg is often used to provide a visual representation of Freud’s theory that most of the human mind operates unconsciously.
Conscious mind - ego
Unconscious mind Further divided into the id - instincts and drive
and the superego – conscience

71. Iceberg picture here

72. Psychodynamic Counselling 10 Key Points
1. Counsellor-Client Relationship   
2. The Environment: Boundaries/Space/Time/Frequency / Continuity/Sole
Relationship/ Payment
 3. Confidentiality / Counsellor Non- disclosure
4. Reflecting…Empathising 5. Listening / Hearing 6. Acceptance/Trust
7. Resistance: Change, Status Quo
8. The Presenting Past /The Unconscious
9. Transference/Counter transference / Negative Transference / Erotic
10. Own Therapy / Supervision