2. GREEN REVOLUTION

3. What is Green Revolution?
Introduction of new technology in agriculture sector, in order to increase its production through different measures

4. Increase in production was made by different ways 1
Increase in production was made by different ways 1. Introduction of new high yield varieties of wheat, rice, and maize. 2. Improvement in per acre yield through quality fertilizers to compensate for land deficiencies in many less developed countries

5. 3. Pesticides and insecticides have expanded the acreage a single farmer can tend by reducing the time required to disinfect the crop.
4. Irrigation has made double cropping feasible in many countries where formerly one harvest a year was standard.
5. New methods of rotating crops were developed which increased land productivity.

6. 6. New shorter plants have been discovered that are more responsive to fertilizer. Similarly, some sturdier types are mo.re disease-resistant.
7. Botanists have been able to breed the photosensitive genes out of plants . Making planting possible at any time of the year.

10. Background
Green Revolution occured between the 1940s and the late 1970s, that increased agriculture production around the world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.
The term "Green Revolution" was first used in 1968 by former United States Agency for International Development (USAID) director William Gaud.

11. Norman Borlaug
Joined Rockefeller Foundation team in Mexico 1944
Increased yield, rust resistance in wheat
Biggest contributor to Green Revolution
Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1970

12. Stages of Green Revolution
The green revolution can be divided into four different stages
Scientific Breakthrough
Technological Breakthrough
Production Breakthrough
Agricultural Breakthrough

13. Scientific breakthrough
The discovery of high yield varieties of seeds;
Mexican wheat varieties ( Mexi -Pak) developed in the international corn and wheat improvement center .
high yielding rice verities in the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Philippines.

14. Technological Breakthrough
To achieve optimal level of output from above HYVs.
Technological developments were made in the field of mechanization .
water resource utilization.

15. Production Breakthrough
Excess supply of inputs such as fertilizers, chemicals, machinery and HYVs of seeds
The government made facilitating policies pertaining to easy and cheap availability of inputs and prices stability of outputs etc

16. Agricultural Breakthrough
The efforts made in earlier phases helped a lot to give enormous output
It covered all the main crops and also the various enterprises of animal production
This agriculture produce directly and indirectly benefited the small as well as large-scale farmers

17. Benefits of Green Revolution
High yield varieties were introduced which gave more production.
Progress in fertilizer manufacturing was observed.
Better quality pesticides and insecticides increased acreage of land.
Better management of human resources and induction of newly trained laborers.

18. Water availability was ensured, keeping in view its quantity required.
Pakistan Government policies to provide subsidies and credit to the producers.
Incentive prices were offered to the farmers through the price support program.
Manufacturing and installation of tube wells and machinery and allied equipments.

19. The annual increase in 1963-64 and 1964-65 was around 35 percent.
Transmission of the improved technology to the farmers through Extension Service Programs.

20. Reasons for yield increase
Increased inputs
Labor
Fertilizer
Machinery
increased output
Using technology
without increasing inputs
Increased efficiency

21. Inputs Fertilizer Can improve yields dramatically: 20-1000%
                                                      
Fertilizer
Can improve yields dramatically: %
Diminished response if keep adding
Reduces growth at high levels
Effectiveness depends on
Water/Irrigation
Timing of application
Biggest increase will be in Africa
Dem. Rep. Congo uses 1% fertilizer used in South Africa

22. Poorest farmers will consider moving from hand tools to animals
Tractors
Poorest farmers will consider moving from hand tools to animals
Farmers using animals will consider using machinery
May not be efficient choice:
Credit limited
Gas expensive
Maintenance expensive
But labor cheap

23. Land Reforms
World Bank: productivity would be increased if land distribution more equitable
Land reform (redistribution) successful after WWII:
South Korea,
Taiwan
China
Recent success
Japan
Zimbabwe
Kerala, India

24. Criticisms of the Green Revolution
Green Revolution hasn’t alleviated hunger
Economic power, land controlled by few
Technology benefits wealthy
Therefore Green Revolution increases inequity
More hunger AND more food at same time

25. Cont….. Food Insecurity of poor not addressed
Cash Crops: food flows from the poor and hungry nations to the rich and well-fed nations
Green Revolution not sustainable
destroys resource base on which agriculture depends

26. Cont….
Early, poor had little access to credit
Could not buy seeds, fertilizer, irrigation to make Green Revolution work
Wealthy invested, got richer, drove out poor
Now, more emphasis on loans for poor

27. Example: India
Self-sufficient in grain due to Green Revolution
But 1/3 of people poor
5,000 children die each day
Poor cannot afford to BUY the food

28. There are still problems
Need good land (wealthy own)
Agrochemicals bad for health, environment
Expensive inputs: profits to global chemical companies
Rural people displaced from land
Mechanization reduces agricultural jobs
Not ecologically sustainable: depletes soil, pesticide race

29. Soil Depletion Worldwide
Dramatic increases in yields during 1970s, 1980s
Soil now depleted, resulting in leveling off or dropping yields
6% of Ag land in India now useless

30. Profits from Green Revolution go to
Middlemen
Banks
Chemical companies
Biggest growers
Grain prices fall
Farms get bigger

31. Poor countries must import:
Increased Dependency
Poor countries must import:
Seeds
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Herbicides
Cost to India increased 600%
Biotechnology leads to more dependency

32. Unsustainable Agriculture
Industrial agriculture
mining land to extract maximum output
“War” between humans and weeds, insects and disease
Market dictates weapons:
pesticides and chemical fertilizers
We are destroying our food- producing resources

33. Destruction of Agricultural Resources
Desertification
Soil erosion
Pesticide contamination
Groundwater depletion
Salinization
Urban sprawl
Genetic resources shrinking
Fossil fuels depleting

34. Sustainable Agriculture Goals
Environmental Health
Economic Profitability
Social and Economic Equity

35. Questions and suggestions
Thanks