1. Bellringer Explain in complete sentences what are energy fossil
resources, name them, indicate which are more
in demand and why.

2. Homework due tomorrow
WRITE DOWN YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT REPORT. SHOW YOUR ENTRIES IN THE JOURNAL.
EXPLAIN WHAT WILL YOU DO
WITHIN THE NEXT WEEK.

3. FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the world’s commercial energy
COAL
NATURAL GAS
OIL

6. 20 richest countries consume:
50% of coal
80% of natural gas
65% of oil

8. U.S. energy consumption 9%

9. COAL Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel 10 X reserves of oil/gas,
last 200 years at present rate

11. Coal mines Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine,
Eastern U.S.

12. Coal cheaper, but polluting
Much Eastern U.S. coal has
high-sulfur content,
more expensive to mine
Much Western U.S. coal has
low-sulfur content,
cheaper to mine
But mining in semi-arid West
more damaging to land.

13. Heat value of coal types
Anthracite
Bituminous
Subbituminous
Lignite
51% of U.S. use in coal

14. Energy lost from coal 65% lost in power plants 10% lost on
transmission lines
(stray voltage)

15. Effects on health Black Lung Disease (miners) Respiratory illnesses
(public)

16. Effects on land Coal sludge releases Hardpan at strip mines
Mountaintop removal
Huge water use
Slurry pipelines

17. Effects on air Greenhouse gases Toxics 3/4 sulfur dioxide
1/3 nitrogen oxides
1/2 carbon dioxide
Toxics
Mercury
Uranium

18. Acid rain

19. Acidity of rain pH of 6.0 pH < 5.0 Kills insects, crabs
Kills fish, trees

20. Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain
Tall stacks deposit farther

21. Coal scrubbers

23. The future? Hydrogen fuel cells

24. NATURAL GAS
Methane, other
Gases in bedrock

26. Advantages of natural gas
Cleaner to burn
Half as much CO2 as coal
More efficient
10% energy lost
60-year supply at current rates

27. Disadvantages of natural gas
Difficult to transport
Pipelines
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers
Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted
Methane bed drilling pollutes

28. OIL (PETROLEUM)
Buried organic matter
rich in hydrocarbons

30. Oil Consumption by Sector (1998)

37. Proven oil reserves 465 billion barrels consumed
1 trillion barrels left
22 billion consumed a year
45 years to go! Party now!

38. Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800, 2200, and 2600 Billion Barrels

39. Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993)

40. World Crude Oil Production

41. World Crude Oil Prices (economic crises in oil states)

42. Global trends in oil Growing use in China (+10%/year)
Japan, Europe depend on Mideast
New reserves around Caspian Sea
Nearly size of Saudi Arabia
Increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses

43. Kuwait oil well fires, 1991

45. Persian Gulf
and Caspian Sea

47. Oil & natural gas pipelines

49. U.S. trends in oil Diverse sources (not Mideast)
Venezuela, Nigeria, etc.
Opening domestic sources
Alaska controversy
Polluting technologies?
Oil shale extraction
Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)

50. Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989

51. Attempts to contain spill

52. Clean-up efforts

53. Prince William Sound fishing industry damaged

55. Oil in Ecuador Ecuador 2nd largest S. America producer
70% of exports
Drilling in Amazon rainforest

56. Opposition to oil companies
Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands
Displacement of Indians,
deforestation
Oil leaks into rivers larger than Valdez spill

57. Ecuador Indian occupations
Texaco withdrew 1992,
Arco met demands
Lawsuit against
Texaco in
U.S. courts, 1999

58. Oil in Nigeria Largest producer in Africa, mainly In Niger Delta
Nigeria had military
governments in 1990s

59. Environmental problems in Niger Delta region
Homeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groups
Gas flaring hazards
Oil spills in mangrove swamp

60. Ogoni environmental protests

61. Oil companies collude with military
Shell Oil pays,
transports soldiers
Many Ogoni killed by military
Ogoni leader
Dr. Ken Saro-Wiwa executed in 1995

62. Nigerian women protest, 2002
Ijaw women
occupy Chevron
oil docks
Protest against pollution, lack of local jobs