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5.1.2 Energy, Mass, and Trophic Levels
Autotrophs build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as an energy source Heterotrophs depend on the biosynthetic output of other organisms © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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5.1.3 Energy and nutrients pass from primary producers (autotrophs) to primary consumers (herbivores) to secondary consumers (carnivores) to tertiary consumers (carnivores that feed on other carnivores) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Microorganisms and other detritivores Secondary and tertiary consumers
Figure 55.4 Sun Key Chemical cycling Energy flow Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus Figure 55.4 An overview of energy and nutrient dynamics in an ecosystem. Microorganisms and other detritivores Secondary and tertiary consumers 3
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Detritivores, or decomposers, are consumers that derive their energy from detritus, nonliving organic matter © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids
Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next It is about 10% © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Tertiary consumers 10 J Secondary consumers 100 J Primary consumers
Figure 55.11 Tertiary consumers 10 J Secondary consumers 100 J Primary consumers 1,000 J Primary producers Figure An idealized pyramid of net production. 10,000 J 1,000,000 J of sunlight 6
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Trophic Structure 5.1.6 Trophic structure is the feeding relationships between organisms in a community It is a key factor in community dynamics Food chains link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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A terrestrial food chain A marine food chain
Figure 54.13 Carnivore Quaternary consumers Carnivore Carnivore Tertiary consumers Carnivore Carnivore Secondary consumers Carnivore Figure Examples of terrestrial and marine food chains. Herbivore Primary consumers Zooplankton Plant Primary producers Phytoplankton A terrestrial food chain A marine food chain
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Food Webs A food web is a branching food chain with complex trophic interactions © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Humans Smaller toothed whales Baleen whales Sperm whales Elephant
Figure 54.14 Humans Smaller toothed whales Baleen whales Sperm whales Elephant seals Crab- eater seals Leopard seals Birds Fishes Squids Figure An Antarctic marine food web. Carniv- orous plankton Euphau- sids (krill) Cope- pods Phyto- plankton
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Sea nettle Juvenile striped bass Fish larvae Fish eggs Zooplankton
Figure 54.15 Sea nettle Juvenile striped bass Figure Partial food web for the Chesapeake Bay estuary on the U.S. Atlantic coast. Fish larvae Fish eggs Zooplankton
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Movement over land by wind
Figure 55.14a Movement over land by wind Evaporation from ocean Precipitation over land Precipitation over ocean Evapotranspira- tion from land Figure Exploring: Water and Nutrient Cycling Percolation through soil Runoff and groundwater 12
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Burning of fossil fuels and wood
Figure 55.14b CO2 in atmosphere Photosynthesis Photo- synthesis Cellular respiration Burning of fossil fuels and wood Phyto- plankton Consumers Figure Exploring: Water and Nutrient Cycling Consumers Decomposition 13
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Decomposition and sedimentation
Figure 55.14c N2 in atmosphere Reactive N gases Industrial fixation Denitrification N fertilizers Fixation Runoff Dissolved organic N NO3– Terrestrial cycling N2 NH4+ NO3– Aquatic cycling Denitri- fication Figure Exploring: Water and Nutrient Cycling Decomposition and sedimentation Assimilation Decom- position NO3– Fixation in root nodules Uptake of amino acids Ammonification Nitrification NH3 NH4+ NO2– 14
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Decomposition and sedimentation
Figure 55.14ca N2 in atmosphere Reactive N gases Industrial fixation Denitrification N fertilizers Fixation Runoff Dissolved organic N NO3– NH4+ NO3– Terrestrial cycling Figure Exploring: Water and Nutrient Cycling Aquatic cycling Decomposition and sedimentation 15
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Fixation in root nodules
Figure 55.14cb Terrestrial cycling N2 Denitri- fication Assimilation Decom- position NO3– Uptake of amino acids Fixation in root nodules Figure Exploring: Water and Nutrient Cycling Ammonification Nitrification NH3 NH4+ NO2– 16
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