1. Chapter 32: Introduction to Animal Evolution

2. Characteristics of All Animals
Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes
Mobile
Lack cell walls
Cells have tight and gap junctions
Have nervous and muscular tissue
Sexual reproduction
Dominant diploid stage
Have special regulatory genes- Hox genes

3. Embryonic Development
Gastrulation
Germ layers
Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm

4. Traditional Animal Phylogenetic Tree

5. 1. Parazoa / Eumetazoa Parazoa Lack true tissues Porifera (Sponges)
Have true tissues
All other animals

6. 2. Radiata / Bilateria Radiata Includes Cnidaria, Ctenophora
Dorsal and Ventral
Wheel-like symmetry
Two tissue layers- diplobastic
Endoderm
Ectoderm

7. 2. Radiata / Bilateria Bilateria Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior
Mirror image symmetry
Three tissue layers- triploblastic
Mesoderm
Archenteron
Cephalization

8. 3. Body cavities

9. 4. Protostomes / Deuterostomes

10. 4. Protostomes / Deuterostomes
Mollusks, Annelids, Arthropods
Blastopore
Mouth first
Cleavage
Spiral
Determinate
Coelom formation
Schizocoelous

11. 4. Protostomes / Deuterostomes
Echinoderms, chordates
Blastopore
Anus first
Cleavage
Radial
Indeterminate
Coelom formation
Enterocoelous

12. Molecular Based Phylogenetic Tree

13. Chapter 34: Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity

14. Characteristics of All Chordates
Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
Pharyngeal slits
Post anal tail

15. Invertebrate Chordates
Subphylum Urochordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata

16. Jawless Vertebrates Class Myxini Class Cephalaspidomorph Hagfish
Primitive vertebrates
Class Cephalaspidomorph
Lampreys

17. Class Chondrichthyes
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous

18. Class Osteichthyes
2-chambered heart
Operculum
Swim bladder

19. Class Amphibia

20. Class Reptilia
Amniotic egg
Amnion
Chorion
Allantois
Yolk sac

21. Class Aves
Insulating feathers
Hollow bones
4-chambered heart

22. Class Mammalia Hair, fur Mammary glands 4-chambered heart Groups
Monotremes
Marsupials
Placental (Eutherian)

23. Order Primates Opposable thumb Forward-facing eyes
Well-developed cerebral cortex
Omnivorous