1. All roads lead to the Elements
Periodic Table
All roads lead to the Elements

2. History of the Periodic Table
Antoine Lavoisier (1790)
Wife assisted in work
23 Element List
Lost his head (French Revolution)
Scientist and tax collector. Wife was as good a scientist as he was. Discovered the relationship between oxygen and combustion and named oxygen.

4. John Newlands – 1864
Forms periodic table called octaves
Realizes properties repeat every 8th element

5. The Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev - 1869
Early periodic table: arranged according to masses and similar characteristics
Contained 63 elements
Predicted 3 yet-to-be elements
Left spaces for undiscovered elements

6. Mendeleev’s 1st Sketch

7. 1st Publication

8. Puns
Mr. Mony’s enemy

9. Lothar Meyer
Early Periodic Table
Published a graph relating atomic volume and atomic number and clearly showing the periodic relationships of the elements

10. Henry Moseley – 1913
Learned that each element has a unique number of protons
Developed modern periodic table arranged by protons

11. Periodic Table set up
Periods: the horizontal rows on the periodic table (left to right)
Groups/Families: the vertical columns on the periodic table (up and down)
Those with an “A” are called the representative elements
Those with a “B” are called the transition elements

12. Parts of the Periodic Table
Metals – tend to be shiny, usually solid at room temperature, good conductors, malleable and ductile (solids and liquids)
Metalloids – have physical/chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals
Nonmetals – usually gas or brittle, dull solids. Poor conductors of heat/electricity (solid, liquid, and gas)

13. Transitional Metals – metals in the d-orbital
Inner transitional Metals – Lanthanide or Actinide Series (f-orbital metals)

14. Metals/Non-metals/metalloids
Metalloids: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te (have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals) Blue
Metals: Green
Non-metals: Yellow

15. Valence Electrons
Valence electrons: electrons in the outermost shell

16. Octet Rule
Octet Rule: In order for an element to be full, the outermost energy level must be full. Either 2 or 8 electrons. To reach an octet elements with lose, gain, or share electrons

17. Lose or Gain?
Ion: an atom that has a charge due to losing or gaining electrons
Cation: positive ion
Anion: negative ion

18. Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation number: a number used to indicate how many electrons will be gained or lost
Ion: a charged atom

19. What a dog does with a bone?
Puns
What a dog does with a bone?

20. Groups/Families

21. Group 1: Alkali Metals
Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals
Group 16 (6A): Chalcogens
Group 3-12: Transition Metals
Group 17 (7A): Halogens
Group 18 (8A): Nobel Gases

22. Groups/Families Group 1: Alkali Metals Has 1 Valence electron
Highly reactive (react violently with water)
Soft, Shiny metals

23. Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals
2 valence electrons
Reactive (not as reactive as Alkali Metals)

24. Group 3-12: Transition Metals
Can have more than 1 oxidation number
Metallic
Wide-range of uses
Iron, Cobalt, Copper, and Manganese use in your body
Copper for electrical wires
Gold, Silver, Copper in coin making

25. Chalcogens 16 (6A) - AKA: oxygen group Greek term meaning copper bearing

26. Group 17 (7A): Halogens Very Reactive Have 7 Valence electrons
Tend to find in compounds

27. Puns
Mickey’s pal

28. Group 18 (8A): Noble Gases
8 Valence electrons
Unreactive

29. Puns
Police

30. Important Trends
Atomic Radii- distance from the nucleus to the outermost stable electron
Increases moving down the columns and increases right to left

31. Atomic Radius

32. Important Trends
Ionic Radii- distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron in an ion
Increases moving down a family (Noble Gas Trick)

33. Ionic Radius

35. Important Trends
Increases moving up the columns and increases left to right (Noble Gas family has 0 electronegativity)
Electronegativity- ability of an atom to attract electrons and form a chemical bond

36. Electronegativity

37. Important Trends
Ionization Energy- the energy needed to remove an electron
Increases moving up the columns and increases left to right
(Ummm... For the most part at least!)

38. Ionization Energy

40. Extinct

41. Practice
Which group/family will not bond with any other elements?

42. How many valence electrons does Phosphorus have?

43. Which element is the most electronegative?

44. To follow the octet rule how many valence electrons do all elements want?

45. How many valence electrons does Calcium have?

46. Family with 7 valence electrons and highly reactive?

47. What is the oxidation number for Oxygen?

48. Which element is more metallic Ag or Ge?

49. Puns
Imitation Diamond