1. Hybrid Data Hiding Scheme Using Right-Most Digit Replacement and Adaptive Least Significant Bit for Digital Images
Source: Symmetry, vol. 8, no. 6, June 2016.
doi: /sym
Authors: Mehdi Hussain, Ainuddin Wahid Abdul Wahab, Noman
Javed and Ki-Hyun Jung
Speaker: Lin Jiang-Yi
Date:
Malaysia, Pakistan and Korea

2. Outline Introduction --ALSB Proposed Scheme Experimental Results
Comments

3. Introduction（1/3） LSB with optimal pixel adjustment process (OPAP)
𝑝 𝑖 : Original pixel value.
𝑝 𝑖 ′ : Pixel value after simple LSB substitution.
𝑝 𝑖 ′′ : Pixel value after OPAP.
Suppose embedding k secret bits.
Let 𝛿 𝑖 =𝑝 𝑖 ′ − 𝑝 𝑖 , − 2 𝑘 < 𝛿 𝑖 < 2 𝑘
Chan, C.-K.; Cheng, L.-M. Hiding data in images by simple LSB substitution. Pattern Recognit. Vol 37, pp. 469–474,

4. Introduction（2/3） LSB with optimal pixel adjustment process (OPAP)
Modified the 𝑝 𝑖 ′ to form 𝑝 𝑖 ′′ .

5. Introduction（3/3） Example
𝑝 𝑖 =146= ( ) 2 ，k= 4, four secret bits = (1011).
𝑝 𝑖 ′ =155= ( ) 𝛿 𝑖 =𝑝 𝑖 ′ − 𝑝 𝑖 =9
𝑝 𝑖 ′′ =155−16=137= ( ) 2
𝛿 𝑖 =𝑝 𝑖 ′ − 𝑝 𝑖 =9 change to 𝛿 𝑖 =𝑝 𝑖 ′′ − 𝑝 𝑖 =−7 . Distortion has been improved.

6. Proposed Scheme(1/11) 1、Range Table
Partition the cover-image into two non overlapping consecutive pixel blocks, i.e., (g0, g1).
d=|g0 – g1|
If d belongs to Region-1, employ the RMDR for embedding 3 bits for each pixel.
Otherwise, apply k-bits ALSB embedding method.

7. Proposed Scheme(2/11) 2、Right-most digit replacement (RMDR)
g belongs to [0, 255], left digit (LD), middle digit (MD), and right digit (RD). e.g. g = 4 where LD and MD are 0 and RD is 4.
Suppose that we embed three secret bits at a time.
The range of three-bit secret digit is [0, 7], and a pixel RD range is [0, 9].

8. Proposed Scheme(3/11)
2、Right-most digit replacement (RMDR)

9. Proposed Scheme(4/11) 2、Example of RMDR
(g0, g1) = (74, 99). Secret message b0=(101)2=5, b1=(011)2=3.
For b0, SRD0=5, SRD1= -1 (abandon)
For b1, SRD0=3, SRD1=8
For g0=74, {60+5=65, 70+5=75, 80+5=85}
For g1=99, {80+3=83, 90+3=93, 100+3=103} and {80+8=88,90+8=98,100+8=108}
(g0’,g1’) = (75, 98)
d’=|75-98|=23 belongs to Range 1.
Drawback: (g0,g1) = (152, 122) b0=(100)2=4, b1=(010)2=2
(g0’,g1’) = (154, 122)
d’=| |=32 belongs to Range 2.

10. Proposed Scheme(5/11) 3、ALSB The original ALSB has a drawback.
(g0,g1) = (146, 178). d=| |=32 belongs to Range 2 and k=4.
Secret bits are ( )2
After ALSB embedding, (g0’,g1’) = (154, 178)
d’=| |=24 belongs to Range 1.

11. Proposed Scheme(6/11)
3、ALSB
Readjustment process:

12. Proposed Scheme(7/11) 3、ALSB (g0’,g1’) = (154, 178)
d’=| |=24 belongs to Range 1.
(g0’,g1’) = (138, 178)
d’=| |=40，belongs to Range 2.

13. Proposed Scheme(8/11)
4、The embedding phase

14. Proposed Scheme(9/11)
5、The extraction phase

15. Proposed Scheme(10/11)
5、The extraction phase-RMDR

16. Proposed Scheme(11/11)
5、The extraction phase-RMDR

17. Experimental Results(1/5)
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Empirical Chromosomes Addition

18. Experimental Results(2/5)
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differencing and LSB replacement methods. IEEE Proc. Vis. Image Signal Process , 152, 611–615.
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and MPE. Imag. Sci. J. 2014, 63, 174–181.
Empirical Chromosomes Addition

19. Experimental Results(3/5)

20. Experimental Results(4/5)

21. Experimental Results(5/5)

22. Comments Improve embedding capacity. Improve image quality.
Drawback on RMDR.