1. QUIZ ANSWERS

2. Figure 1-10a The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Peritoneal cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity 2

3. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Figure 1-9 Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
• Provides protection • Allows organ movement • Linings prevent friction
Subdivides during development into
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm
Peritoneal Cavity
Extends throughout abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity
Right Pleural Cavity
Mediastinum
Left Pleural Cavity
Surrounds right lung
Contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels
Surrounds left lung
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Contains many digestive glands and organs
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
Pericardial Cavity
Surrounds heart 3

4. 2-9 Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
Two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
Sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis
Glycogen, starch, cellulose

5. 2-11 Proteins Enzyme Function Enzymes are catalysts
Proteins that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
Are not changed or used up in the reaction
Enzymes also exhibit:
Specificity — will only work on limited types of substrates
Saturation Limits — by their concentration
Regulation — by other cellular chemicals

6. 2-13 High-Energy Compounds
Nucleotides Can Be Used to Store Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Two phosphate groups; di- = 2
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Three phosphate groups; tri- = 3
Phosphorylation
Adding a phosphate group to ADP with a high-energy bond to form the high-energy compound ATP
Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP

7. 2-10 Lipids
Steroids
Four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups
Types of steroids:
Cholesterol
Component of plasma (cell) membranes
Estrogens and testosterone
Sex hormones
Corticosteroids and calcitriol
Metabolic regulation
Bile salts
Derived from steroids

8. 2-3 Chemical Reactions Decomposition Reaction (Catabolism)
Breaks chemical bonds
AB A + B
Hydrolysis A-B + H2O A-H + HO-B
Synthesis Reaction (Anabolism)
Forms chemical bonds
A + B AB
Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)
A-H + HO-B A-B + H2O

9. Figure 3-7 Protein Synthesis
Protein released into cytoplasm
Smooth ER
Ribosome
DNA
Rough ER
mRNA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Transport vesicle
Nuclear pore

10. Figure 3-13 The Process of Translation
The mRNA strand binds to the small ribosomal subunit and is joined at the start codon by the first tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine. Binding occurs between complementary base pairs of the codon and anticodon.
NUCLEUS
mRNA
Amino acid
Small ribosomal subunit
KEY
tRNA
Adenine
Anticodon
tRNA binding sites
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Start codon
mRNA strand

11. Figure 3-13 The Process of Translation
The small and large ribosomal subunits interlock around the mRNA strand.
Large ribosomal subunit

12. Figure 3-13 The Process of Translation
A second tRNA arrives at the adjacent binding site of the ribosome. The anticodon of the second tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon.
Stop codon

13. Figure 3-13 The Process of Translation
The first amino acid is detached from its tRNA and is joined to the second amino acid by a peptide bond. The ribosome moves one codon farther along the mRNA strand; the first tRNA detaches as another tRNA arrives.
Peptide bond

14. Figure 3-13 The Process of Translation
The chain elongates until the stop codon is reached; the components then separate.
Small ribosomal subunit
Completed polypeptide
Large ribosomal subunit