1. Body Systems

2. ANATOMY – study of the parts of the body
PHYSIOLOGY – function of the body
ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing erect with face forward, arms at the side, palms forward

3. Anatomic Terminology – Position and Direction
ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of
POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of
Frontal
Dorsal ↓

4. CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body
CAUDAL – means tail end
Tail end

5. SUPERIOR – upper or above something
INFERIOR – lower or below something
Superior
Inferior

6. MEDIAL – toward the middle
LATERAL – toward the side of the body
Lateral
←←Medial

7. DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body
PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the body or the trunk of the body
DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body
Proximal
Distal

8. SUPERFICIAL
(EXTERNAL) – near the surface or outside the body
DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body

9. Body Planes and Sections
PLANES – imaginary anatomical dividing planes
SECTION – cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane
SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into right and left parts
CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
TRANSVERSE PLANE – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts

10. Cavities of the Body
DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal cord – the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and the spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY.
ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES
The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart
ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

11. Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
Epigastric
R Hypochondriac
L Hypochondriac
R Lumbar
L Lumbar
Umbilical
Hypogastric
L Inguinal
R Inguinal

12. Tissues
TISSUES – cells grouped because they are similar in shape, size, structure, and function
EPITHELIAL TISSUE – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions
CONNECTIVE TISSUE – supports and connects organs and tissue
MUSCLE TISSUE – has the ability to contract and move the body
NERVOUS TISSUE – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse

13. Tissue Continued
ADIPOSE TISSUE – type of connective tissue that stores fat cells
LIGAMENTS – strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints
TENDONS – white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone
CARTILAGE – firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

14. Membranes
MEMBRANES – formed by putting two thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid
MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining

15. SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities
the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane
the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane.
PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs
PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity and protects the heart
PERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs

16. Organs and Systems
ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Respiratory
Circulatory
Excretory
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive