1. So you’re taking Anatomy & Phys…what’s the Diff?
Introduction to A & P
So you’re taking Anatomy & Phys…what’s the Diff?
Anatomy = study of STRUCTURE
example: memorizing names of muscles
Physiology = study of FUNCTION
example: understanding how muscle microfibers slide together to cause a muscle contraction

2. Ways to study anatomy…
*Gross anatomy = can see with naked eye example: a whole heart *Microscopic anatomy = can only see with microscope example: a single cardiac cell

3. Levels of structural organization
Atom = smallest particle of substance
Cell = building block of life
Tissue = group of similar cells
Organ = group of similar tissues
Organ System = group of similar organs
Organism = all organ systems together

4. 12 organ systems REMEMBER “Dr smile nicer”
D igestive stomach, intestines R espiratory trachea, lungs S keletal bones M uscular muscles I ntegumentary skin, hair, nails L ymphatic lymph nodes & vessels E ndocrine glands & hormones N ervous brain, spinal cord, & nerves I mmune white blood cells, B cells, T cells C ardiovascular heart, blood vessels E xcretory kidneys, bladder R eproductive ovaries, uterus, testes, prostate

5. homeostasis = maintenance of a stable internal environment
Example: body temp
Normal = 98.6 °F
If increases above normal, your body _______.
If decreases below normal, your body _______.
Other examples: blood sugar & blood pH

6. Ways homeostasis works…
Negative feedback
= your body REVERSES a change
Example: You stand in the plaza in the hot sun during lunch, your body temp increases to 100°F.
You sweat, which evaporates to cool you back down to 98°
Positive feedback
= your body INCREASES a change
Example: A pregnant woman’s uterus starts contractions as she goes into labor.
Her body increases the contractions to be stronger & more frequent until the baby is born.

7. Diseases, disorders, & death, oh my!
The inability to maintain homeostasis results in…
DISEASE
DISORDERS
DEATH

8. Anatomical position = standing upright, palms facing forward
Seen in anatomy textbooks & web images
Standard way of illustrating anatomy of human figures, agreed upon by scientists
= standing upright, palms facing forward

9. Directional terms Superior (cranial) = above Inferior (caudal) = below
Example: nose is superior to chin
Ventral (anterior) = in front of
Dorsal (posterior) = behind
Example: bellybutton is anterior to buttocks

10. Directional terms … Medial = towards middle Lateral = towards the side
Example: nose is medial to the cheekbones
Example: arms are lateral to the heart
Proximal = close to body trunk
Distal = further from body trunk
Example: Elbow is proximal to wrist
Example: Knee is distal to thigh

11. Directional terms… Superficial (external) = toward body surface
Deep (internal) = away from body surface
Example: Skin is superficial to bones
Example: Lungs are deep to rib cage
Let’s Practice…
The elbow is __________ to the fingers.
The knee is ___________ to the fingernails.
The ears are __________ to the nose.
The chin is ___________ to the heels.

12. 3 directional planes in dissection…
BTdubbs:
Di = 2
Section = cut
Dissection = to cut into 2 pieces
Median (midsagittal) section = cut into equal left & right halves
Frontal (coronal) section = cuts into front & back halves
Transverse (cross) section = cut into top & bottom halves

14. Let’s Practice…
You are a surgeon and planning to do open heart surgery…. you would need to make a ________________ cut into the chest cavity.
You have a patient that has gangrene in the lower portion of their leg and you need to amputate….. You would make a ________________ cut through the leg.
The abdominal muscles and muscles of the back are separated by the _______________ plane.

15. Body cavities… Cavity = an empty space 4 main body cavities in humans:
* Cranial = holds brain
* Spinal = holds soft spinal cord
* Thoracic = holds heart & lungs
* Abdominopelvic = holds digestive & urinary system organs

17. Which cavity is the heart found in?
Which cavity contains the spinal cord?
Which cavity contains the ovaries?
Which cavity contains the stomach?
Which cavity contains the lungs?
Which cavity consists of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities?

18. Let’s interact with our notes!
Pick one “Left-Side Assignment” to complete that addresses all that you just learned:
Definition of A & P
Levels of organization of living things
12 organ systems
Homeostasis
Anatomical position
Directional terms
Dissection
Body cavities