1. Environmental Studies Mr. Skirbst Science Topic 28

2. Surveying Goal of the surveying team is to determine the stream gradient

3. Surveying Goal of the surveying team is to determine the stream gradient Stream gradient: stream slope

4. Surveying Stream slope = rise / run

5. Surveying Stream slope = rise / run In the field: rise = (determined by surveying)

6. Surveying Stream slope = rise / run In the field: rise = (determined by surveying) run = (calculated using the Pythagorean Theory)

8. Surveying Surveying: Using instruments to make measurements of the land

9. Surveying Terms

15. Surveying Data Table:

17. Bench Mark (BM) Transit Stream Slope Line of site Cross hairs Rod

19. Bench Mark (BM) Transit Cross hairs BB D

21. Bench Mark (BM) Transit Cross hairs BB D

23. Cross hairs BB D Rise Run Stream

24. BB D Rise Run Stream

25. Rise Run Stream Rise Run

26. Rise Run Stream (Stream) 2 = (Rise) 2 + (Run) 2 Pythagorean Theory

28. Stream Team

29. Goal of the stream team is to determine the stream discharge

30. Stream Team Goal of the stream team is to determine the stream discharge Stream discharge- water volume released in a period of time

31. Q (discharge)

32. Stream Team Volume =

33. Stream Team Volume = width x height x length ( 3 dimensions)

34. Stream Team Volume = ( width x height) x length Discharge (Q) = area x velocity (cubic feet per second)

35. Stream Team Stream width –

36. Stream Team Stream width – Distance from bank to bank at the cross-section

37. Stream Width

38. Stream Team Stream depth–

39. Stream Team Stream depth– average depth along the cross-section

40. Stream Team Stream depth– average depth along the cross-section (must be average since depth is not uniform)

41. Stream Team Average depth determined by taking depths at regular intervals and dividing by number of intervals

42. Stream Depth

43. Stream Team Stream area = width x depth (2 dimensions) (feet 2 )

44. Stream Team Stream length –

45. Stream Team Stream length = stream speed

46. Stream Speed

47. Stream Team Stream length = stream speed Speed (velocity) = distance/time

48. Distance

49. Time

50. Distance Time

51. Stream Team Stream length = stream speed Speed (velocity) = distance/time (feet/second)

52. Stream Team Discharge (Q) = area x velocity

53. Stream Team Discharge (Q) = area x velocity units = cubic feet per second (ft 3 /sec)

56. Tree Team

57. The goal of the tree team is to calculate the % canopy cover, measure the tree density, and identify species of trees. Tree Team

62. http://www.arborday.org/trees/whatTree/whatTree.cfm?ItemID=E6A

63. Soil Team

64. The goal of the soil team is to analyze the texture, chemistry, and biology of the soil. Soil Team

65. Soil texture - Soil Team

66. Soil texture – how the soil feels Soil Team

67. Soil texture – the composition of soil in terms of the relative amounts of clay, silt, sand, and gravel. Soil Team

68. 1.Clay – < 0.002 mm 2.Silt – 3.Sand – 4.Gravel – Soil Team

69. 1.Clay – 2.Silt – 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm 3.Sand – 4.Gravel – Soil Team

70. 1.Clay – 2.Silt – 3.Sand – 0.05 mm to 2.0 mm 4.Gravel – Soil Team

71. 1.Clay – 2.Silt – 3.Sand – 4.Gravel – > 2.0 mm Soil Team

72. Method for determining texture Soil Team

73. Method for determining texture Settling Rate: Soil Team

74. Method for determining texture Settling Rate: Larger particles settle first, followed by smaller particles Soil Team

76. Method for determining texture Soil Sieve: Soil Team

77. Method for determining texture Soil Sieve: Passing soil sample through a series of sieves to separate particle sizes Soil Team

80. Soil Biology: Extracting the organisms in the soil for observation Soil Team

81. Soil Biology: Extracting the organisms in the soil for observation Macroinvertebrates – big bugs Soil Team

82. Soil Biology: Extracting the organisms in the soil for observation Macroinvertebrates – big bugs Microinvertebrates –small bugs Soil Team

83. Extraction of organisms: Berleese funnel Soil Team

85. Soil Chemistry: Analyzing the soil nutrients that support plant life Soil Team

86. Soil Chemistry: Analyzing the soil nutrients that support plant life N P K Soil Team

87. The goal of the water team is to determine the biological health of the stream. Water Team

88. Sample locations: Water Team

89. Sample locations: A, B, C, D (work FROM downstream TO upstream!) Water Team

90. Sample technique: Water Team

91. Sample technique: Kick net – kick up sediment in 2ft 2 area downstream of net Water Team

92. Sample technique: Kick net – kick up sediment in 2ft 2 area downstream of net Catch net – hand net Water Team

93. Benthic macroinvertebrates: bottom big bugs Water Team

94. Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI): Water Team

95. Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI): A measure of how tolerant the benthic macroinvertebrates are to pollution. Water Team

96. Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI): A measure of how tolerant the benthic macroinvertebrates are to pollution. Value 1 -4 (1 = very health 4 = not healthy) Water Team

99. Reporter – work with others in team to interview everyone Support Team

100. Reporter – work with others in team to interview everyone Photographer – take pictures of everyone doing their job Support Team

101. Reporter – work with others in team to interview everyone Photographer – take pictures of everyone doing their job Videographer – video everyone doing & explaining their job Support Team

103. Job Application