1. Technical Graphics Communication: Multiview Drawings (Part 2)
MECH 100 – Graphics I
Technical Graphics Communication:
Multiview Drawings
(Part 2)

2. Objectives Fundamentals Views of Edges & Planes
Quick review and comments on creation of proper multiview drawings
Quick review standard line practices used in multiview drawings
Fundamentals Views of Edges & Planes
Identify normal, inclined, and oblique planes in multiview drawings
ANSI Standards for Partial & Revolved Views

3. Introduction to Projections
In design, drawings are (ideation, documentation) used to represent 3-D objects in a number of different ways
Representation of objects largely done on 2-D media (paper, or computer screens)
Drawings are still the primary tool for representing 3-D objects even though modern techniques such as holograms & Virtual Reality devices attempt to communicate in 3-D
Most projection methods were developed to address the problem of trying to represent 3-D images on 2-D media

4. Representing a 3-D Object on 2-D Medium

5. Common Projection Techniques
Multiview
Axonometric (isometric)
Oblique
Perspective

6. Drawing Classifications
Pictorial vs. Multiview
Object presented in a single pictorial view with all three dimensions represented
Object presented in a series of projections, each showing only two of the object’s three dimensions
Parallel vs. Perspective
Parallel: preserves true relationships of object’s features and edges
Perspective: distorts object so it matches more closely how we perceive it visually
Advantages / Disadvantages (pictorials)
More realistic
Easier to draw
Easier to interpret by non-technical people

7. Projection Methods & their Attributes:
Perspective versus Parallel

8. Perspective Projection

9. Parallel Projection

10. Pictorial drawings
Perspective (distorts object to match more closely how we perceive it visually)
Isometric (preserves true relationships of object’s features & edges)

11. Perspective: Distort object to more closely match how we perceive visually

12. Perspective Projection: Distorted Dimensions

13. Perspective Projection: Distorted Dimensions

14. Axonometric Projection
Parallel projection technique used to create pictorial drawings
(observer theoretically at infinite distance from projection plane)
Created by rotating object on an axis relative to a picture or projection plane
Lines-of-sight are perpendicular to plane of projection
Classified by angles between lines comprising the axonometric axes (axes that meet to form the corner of the object that is nearest the observer)
Trimetric projection: all 3 angles unequal
Dimetric projection: two of the 3 angles are equal
Isometric projection: all 3 angles are equal

15. Various Parallel Projections

16. Multiview Projections (based on // projection techniques)
Used to represent features of an object more accurately than is possible with a single pictorial view
Collection of flat 2-D drawings that work together to give an accurate representation of the overall object
Each view concentrates on only 2-dimensions of object (minimum distortion)
Sufficient no. of views generated to capture all important features
Views must be coordinated with one another to represent object properly.

17. Multiview Orthographic Projection

18. Orthographic Projection: FRONT View

19. Orthographic Projection Drawing:
FRONT View

20. Orthographic Projection: TOP View

21. Orthographic Projection: Profile View (RIGHT Side View)

22. Multiview Drawing of Object: FRONT, TOP, ISOMETRIC

23. The Six Principal Views & Angle of Projection
Multiview Drawings:
The Six Principal Views & Angle of Projection

24. Multiview Orthographic Projection

25. Imagine Object Suspended in Glass Box
Projections Produce Six Principal Views

26. Unfolding “Glass Box” to Produce the Six Principal Views of the Drawing

27. Multiview Drawing of Object

28. Multiview Drawing of Object
(Conventional View Placement)
Central view

29. Multiview Drawing of Object
(Alternate View Arrangement)

30. Three Space Dimensions: Width, Height, Depth
- Require Multiple Views (at least 2 views) -
Rule 1
Alignment of Features: Every point or feature in one view must be aligned on a parallel projector in any adjacent view
Rule 2
Distances in Related Views: Distances between any two points of a feature in related views must be equal

31. Three-View Multiview Layout on A-size Sheet

32. Transferring Depth Dimensions: - Between TOP & RIGHT views -

33. Parts Requiring Two-View Drawings

34. Parts Requiring One-View Drawings

35. Layout of CAD Model on a Drawing Sheet

36. Layout of CAD Model on a Drawing Sheet

37. Layout of CAD Model on a Drawing Sheet

38. Layout of CAD Model on a Drawing Sheet

39. Good versus Poor Orientation

40. Place Object in Natural Position

41. Use Minimum Number of Views

42. Use the Most Descriptive Views

43. First- & Third-Angle of Projection Drawings: The Different Six Principal Views

44. Principal Projection Planes and Quadrants: Used to Create First- and Third- Angle Projections

45. Pictorial Comparison:
First-Angle
and
Third-Angle
Projections

46. Standard View Arrangements: (ISO) First-Angle Projections
Third-Angle (U.S.)
and
(ISO) First-Angle Projections
Third-Angle
First-Angle

47. First-Angle Projection
View Arrangement:
First-Angle Projection

48. Alphabet of Lines: ASME standard line types for technical drawings

49. Alphabet of Lines:
Hand Sketched

50. Engineering Sketch Showing Several Line Types Used

51. Various Line Types used in a Technical Drawing
ASME standard line types for technical drawings
(dimensions shown for traditional drawing tools)

52. Drawing Conventions for Hidden Lines

53. Precedence of Lines (Review)

54. Engineering Drawing: Showing Application of Precedence of Lines

55. Application of Center Lines (for a Cylinder)

56. Various Applications of Center Lines (Conventions)

57. Fundamental Views of Edges and Planes Know when the edges or planes are in true size, not foreshortened. Distances, angles, and areas can then be measured.

58. Fundamental Views of Edges
Edge line: intersection of two planes & is represented as a line on multiview drawings
Rule 3
True Length & Size: Features are true length or true size when the lines of sight are perpendicular to the feature
Edge line appears as a point in a plane of projection to which it is perpendicular
Edge line
Appears as a point
Edge lines

59. Fundamental Views of Edges
Inclined line: is parallel to a plane of projection but inclined to the adjacent planes (4 black lines)
Oblique line: is not parallel to any principal plane of projection. It never appears as a point or in true length in any of the six principal views (line 1 – 2)

60. Fundamental Views of Surfaces
Surface A: principal plane // to frontal plane
Surface B: principal plane // to horizontal plane
Surface C: principal plane // to profile plane
Surface D: inclined plane (edge view in front view)
Surface E: oblique plane (not parallel nor on edge in any principal planes)
Rule 4
Foreshortening: Features are foreshortened when the lines of sight are not perpendicular to the feature

61. Rule of Configuration of Planes
Configuration of Planes: Areas that are the same feature will always be similar in configuration from one view to the next, unless viewed on edge
Rule 6
Parallel Features: Parallel features will always appear parallel in all views
Rule 7
Edge Views: Surfaces that are parallel to the lines of sight will appear as lines or edge views

62. Analysis by Surfaces (of Multiview Drawings)
Technique used to visualize 3-D objects from multiview drawings
Rule 5
Configuration of Planes: Areas that are the same feature will always be similar in configuration from one view to the next, unless viewed on edge
Rule 6
Parallel Features: Parallel features will always appear parallel in all views
Rule 7
Edge Views: Surfaces that are parallel to the lines of sight will appear as lines or edge views

63. Analysis by Surfaces (of Multiview Drawings)
Technique used to visualize 3-D objects from multiview drawings
Rule 8
Contiguous Areas: No two contiguous areas can lie in the same plane
(If they were in the same plane a line would not be drawn to separate them)

64. Analysis by Surfaces (of Multiview Drawings)
Technique used to visualize 3-D objects from multiview drawings
Rule 8
Contiguous Areas: No two contiguous areas can lie in the same plane
(If they were in the same plane a line would not be drawn to separate them)

65. Angles in Multiview Drawings
(C) A 90-degree angle can be measured in a foreshortened surface if one edge is true length. (A) Angles other than 90 degrees can only be measured in views where the surface that contains the angle is perpendicular to the line of sight. (B) Not true angle shown in drawing

66. Representing Limiting Elements
The sides of the triangle represent limiting elements of the cone.
The vertical sides of the rectangle represent the limiting elements of the sides of the cylinder.

67. Tangent & Non-tangent Partial Cylinder
Note: When the transition of a rounded end to another feature is not tangent, a line is used at the intersection of the two features

68. Elliptical Representation of a Circle
An elliptical view of a circle is created when the circle is viewed at an oblique angle

69. Viewing Angles for Ellipses
Note: The size (or exposure) of an ellipse is determined by the angle of the line of sight relative to the circle

70. Multiview Drawings of Solid Primitive Shapes

71. Representation of Types of Machined Holes
See textbook (Ch. 10) for technical drawing representations of fillets, rounds, finished surfaces, chamfers, intersecting cylinders with prisms and other features.

72. ANSI Standards for Multiview Drawings
Partial Views and Revolution Conventions

73. Partial View for A Symmetrical Object (also for some types of auxiliary views & for saving time)

74. Use of Partial Views to Eliminate Hidden Lines
Improves clarity
Front View

75. Revolution Conventions for Ribs and Webs
Violates true projection of views

76. Revolution Conventions for Objects with Bolt Circles
Violates true projection of views

77. Revolution Convention for Representation of Arms
Violates true projection of views

78. Assignment Review: Chapter 10 – Multiview Drawings
Study: Chapter 17 – Dimensioning Practices
Answer Review Questions on Bb Learn (Chapter 10 – Part 2)