1. AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6 What You Should Know Already from BIO I
Slide shows combined and modified from:

4. CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane)
SEE HOW
MEMBRANES FORM
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER with PROTEINS Hydrophobic tails face in Hydrophilic heads face out
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
Membrane Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved Phospholipid image from:

5. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
Click here to See Fluidity
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing
Animation from:

6. CELL MEMBRANES act as boundary
selectively permeable ~ gases & hydrophobic molecules can pass through ~ large, ionic, OR polar molecules need help (facilitated diffusion, ion channels, Na+-K+ pump, endocytosis & exocytosis)

7. CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)
Image from:
CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)
Includes
ORGANELLES- small structures with a specific function
CYTOSOL-semi-fluid “goo”
Image from:

8. NUCLEUS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane (Nuclear envelope)
Image from:
NUCLEUS
Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane (Nuclear envelope)
Nuclear pores- allow molecules in & out
Contains DNA
Control center Replication (DNA → DNA) Transcription (DNA → RNA)

9. NUCLEOLUS Produces ribosomal RNA Assembles ribosomes (RNA & proteins)
Dark spot in nucleus
Produces ribosomal RNA
Assembles ribosomes (RNA & proteins)
Image from:

10. DNA CHROMATIN- spread out in NON-dividing cells to access info
CHROMOSOMES condensed in dividing cells for easier transport

11. Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and anchoring organelles
Microtubules
Microfilaments

12. RIBOSOMES
Composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA
Made of r-RNA & proteins
Site of protein synthesis
(~translation)

14. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Lipid bilayer continuous
with nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
• no ribosomes
• synthesis of lipids
• metabolism of carbohydrates
• stores calcium
• detoxification of drugs and poisons
Rough ER
• with ribosomes
• synthesis of secretory proteins (glycoproteins)
• membrane production
Image from:

15. Golgi apparatus (collection of Golgi bodies)
“UPS” of cell Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell
Image from:
Image from:

16. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie

17. EVERYTHING’S CONNNECTED!

18. Lysosomes - membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Breaks down
food
unwanted cell parts
bacteria
helps in APOPTOSIS “programmed cell death”
See lysosomes
in action:

19. “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” APOPTOSIS
Embryo development
Cell maintenance Signal to self destruct
lost in cancer cells

20. CENTRIOLES
Made of microtubules Appear during cell division in animal cells to pull chromosomes apart

21. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from:

22. MITOCHONDRIA DOUBLE MEMBRANE (inner membrane = cristae) Has own DNA
Powerplant of cell ~ site of cellular respiration
~ burn glucose
~ store energy as ATP
Images from:

23. CHLOROPLASTS DOUBLE MEMBRANE Has own DNA
CHLOROPLASTS
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
Has own DNA
Contains thylakoid sacs with chlorophyll for
photosynthesis

24. FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of microtubules 9 + 2 arrangement
FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of microtubules arrangement
Move substances past cells
Help move cells

25. FLAGELLA WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? CILIA Many short Few Long
Animation from:
Few
Long

26. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
Cell wall
HUGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
No centrioles

27. CELL WALL Outside cell membrane Supports and protects cell
CELL WALL
Outside cell membrane
Supports and protects cell
Plants- Cellulose makes it “sturdy”
Bacteria- have peptidoglycan instead

28. VACUOLES Huge in plants Storage space for water, food, enzymes, waste
Image from:

29. VACUOLES can store WATER

30. Freshwater organisms have contractile vacuoles to control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS)

31. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
Cell wall
NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DNA is circular
No membrane bound organelles

32. WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell
Animal cell
bacteria
_________ > _____________ > ___________

33. DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
NO nuclear membrane
NO cell wall
Cell wall made of CELLULOSE
Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA is a single circular ring
CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles
Really big vacuole
NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes
Few lysosomes
NO lysosomes
Has centrioles
NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
SMALLER size
SMALL size
SMALLEST size