1. Personalization Principle
Conversational tone
Information delivery theory – incorrect assumption about need to deliver information as efficiently as possible by using a formal style
Cognitive theory – learners work harder to understand the material when engaged in a conversation with a partner compared to receiving information from an inanimate object.

2. Personalization Principle (Cont’d)
Pedagogical Agents improve learning
Do not need to look real
Spoken voice in a conversational human-like tone is preferred

3. Guidelines for Incorporating Practice
Interactions that mirror the thinking processes and environment of the job help integrate new with existing knowledge
Intersperse practice questions throughout the lesson help retention
Format questions using the principles discussed
Encourage learners to formulate their own questions – For example:

4. Practice (Cont’d) How are … and…similar and different?
How would you use …. To ….?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of ….?
How does … affect …?