1. Genetics
Topic 17

2. Chromosome Polymer Gene Heredity DNA Ribosome RNA Transcription
Vocabulary:
Chromosome
Polymer
Gene
Heredity
DNA
Ribosome
RNA
Transcription
Nucleotide
Translation
Gamete

3. Can you roll your tongue?
Do you have a widows peak?
Clasp your hands. Is the right or left thumb on top?
Do you have dimples?
Do you have a hitchhikers thumb?

4. Genetics The study of heredity
Heredity- transfer of genes from parents to offspring

5. Gregor Mendel “Father of Genetics” 1800’s
Studied heredity in pea plants

6. 100 Greatest Discoveries: Genetics: http://science. discovery

7. Which type of reproduction leads to more variation?

8. Reproduction
Genetic material is passed to the next generation

9. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Contains all genetic information
Located in Nucleus

10. Gene
Small section of DNA
Codes for a specific trait

11. Chromosome
Contains several genes

12. Gene Chromosome Theory

13. Chromosomes

14. DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Organic Molecule
Double stranded

15. Structure of DNA Shape = Double Helix or “twisted ladder”
Discovered 1953
Watson & Crick made first model

16. Watson & Crick

17. Franklin & Wilkins

18. Structure of DNA
Polymer- long chain of repeating nucleotides

19. Nucleotide Contains: Phosphate group Deoxyribose (sugar)
Nitrogenous bases
(Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine & Guanine)

20. Draw this diagram!!!!!!
Phosphate
Nitrogenous Base
Deoxyribose

21. The Structure of DNA:

22. Complementary Bases Adenine (A) ONLY pairs with Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) ONLY pairs with Guanine (G)
A-T
C-G

23. If you know the bases on one strand of DNA, you can determine the other strand

24. DNA Replication DNA makes a copy of itself before MITOSIS

25. DNA Replication DNA unwinds DNA unzips
Strands from original DNA called Template Strands
New bases pair with template strands

27. Replication Results
Each new DNA contains one template strand and one new strand

28. Mutations
Change in the sequence of bases.
Changes the genetic code.

29. Original DNA Template:
Types of Mutations
Original DNA Template:
CACCGTATTA
Substitution: one base for another
CACCTTATTA
Deletion: missing a base
CACCG_ATTA
Addition: adding a base
CACCGTAATTA
Inversion: bases are rearranged
CACCTAGTTA

30. Mutations

31. What causes mutations? Exposure to radiation Exposure to chemicals
Nuclear, UV, x-rays
Exposure to chemicals
Nicotine, asbestos

32. When are mutations passed on?
Mutations which occur in the sex cells will be passed on to offspring.

33. DNA vs. RNA
DNA
RNA

34. DNA RNA Double Stranded Sugar- Deoxyribose Thymine (T)
Too big to leave nucleus
Single Stranded
Sugar- Ribose
Uracil (U)
Small enough to leave nucleus

35. 3 Types of RNA
Messenger (mRNA)
Transfer (tRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)

36. mRNA Only 1 gene long! Made during a process called TRANSCRIPTION

37. Making mRNA DNA template needed RNA polymerase (enzyme) unwinds DNA
mRNA forms from complementary bases

39. More Transcription

40. mRNA’s Job
Carry the code for building proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome.

41. Ribosome Site of TRANSLATION
Using the mRNA sequence to build a protein

42. Codon 3 base codes Code for a specific amino acid
Amino acids make proteins!
AUC GAC UAG CUA

43. tRNA Reads the mRNA codons
Anticodon part of the tRNA that reads the codon
Translates (tells) which amino acid is needed

44. tRNA

45. Building a Protein

46. When a STOP codon is reached the protein is complete

47. Codon Chart

48. BIOTECHNOLOGY

50. Selective Breeding Choosing which animals or plants should be breed
Creates offspring with desirable traits

51. Brahman cattle: Good resistance to heat but poor beef.
English shorthorn cattle:
Good beef but poor heat resistance.
Santa Gertrudis cattle:
Formed by crossing Brahman and English shorthorns; has good heat resistance and beef.

52. Lion + Tiger = LIGER

53. Labrador + Poodle= LABRADOODLE

54. Genetic Engineering Recombinant DNA
Cut or copy a section of DNA with an enzyme
Add that gene to the DNA of another organism
Organism will express traits from the new gene

57. Cloning

58. Steps of Cloning Take a parent cell nucleus & remove it
Take an egg cell from a female and remove the nucleus
Take the nucleus from the parent cell and put it into the egg cell
Implant the egg cell into a female for development

59. Cloning of Dolly

60. Mapping Genes
If we know what each gene does, we can see what diseases or disorders we may have.

61. Human Genome Project Began 1990
Goal: understand what every gene in human body does

64. Gene Therapy
“Bad” genes can be replaced with “good” genes

65. DNA Fingerprinting

68. DNA & Protein Synthesis Activity: http://www. pbs
Create a DNA Fingerprint Activity (Parts 1-3):

69. Karyotype Picture of chromosomes
Can be used to diagnose genetic disorders

70. Normal Male

71. Female- Trisomy 21

72. Genetic Counseling Family history of genetic disorders
What are the chances that the disorder will be passed on?

73. Gene Expression
Environmental factors can turn genes on or off.

74. Himalayan Rabbit

75. Mutations

76. Genetic Disorders
Mutations, incorrect DNA sequences, can be passed to offspring only if they occur in the gametes!

77. Osteogenesis Imperfecta (fragile bones)

78. Color Blindness

79. Albinism

80. Polydactyly

81. Dwarfism

82. Images http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image268.gif :