1. 6 Kingdoms of Life
Diversity of Life

2. S7L1:The student will investigate the diversity of living organisms and how they can compare scientifically.
b. Classify organisms based on physical characteristics using a dichotomous key of the 6 kingdoms
Key concepts include:
Organisms can be sorted into groups based on their characteristics similarities and differences.
Living things are classified into 6 kingdoms
The physical characteristics of organisms in each of the 6 kingdoms

3. As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

4. Why Classify
Biologist use a system of classification to organize all living things
Scientist all over the world us the same system
A organized system makes it easier to classify living things.

5. Carolus Linnaeus Founder of modern taxonomy in the 1700’s
--”the science of describing, classifying, and naming things” (holt p 223)

6. Levels of Classification
3 Domains
6 Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

8. Dichotomous Keys
“A Tool used to identify organisms that uses a series of paired descriptive statements” (holt, p 227
chp 9 resources\teaching_trans3 right.pdf

9. 1b, 2b, 4b, 6a, 7a longtail weasel
1b, 2b, 4b, 6d,8b, 9b, woodchuck

10. The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic)
2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)
3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

11. Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

12. Prokaryotes – Bacteria!
DO NOT HAVE:
An organized nucleus
Structured organelles

13. Prokaryotes – Typical Bacteria
Basic Structure
DNA – strands floating in cytoplasm/small rings called plasmids
Ribosomes- RNA/protein synthesis sites
Cytoplasm-water based
Cell membrane & Wall

15. Eukaryotes
DO HAVE:
Nucleus organized with a membrane
other organelles

17. 2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions:
Cell Number
Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae
Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

18. Unicellular
Multicellular

19. 3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions
Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food
Autotroph or Producer
Make their own food
Heterotroph or Consumer
Must eat other organisms to survive
Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!

20. There used to be only 5 kingdoms Moneran Protista Fungi Plantae
Animalia
This kingdom has now been divided into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria

22. 6 Kingdoms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

23. Kingdom
Cell Type
Cell #
Feeding Type
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph
Eubacteria
Both
Protista
Eukaryote
Most Unicellular
Fungi
both
Heterotroph
Plantae
Multicellular
Animalia
Cell Wall
Yes
Yes & NO NO

24. Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria- Live in very harsh environments
extremophiles

25. Eubacteria
It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.

26. Bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

27. Bacterial Shapes Bacteria come in 3 main shapes Rod or Stick (bacilli)
Sphere (cocci)
Helical or spiral (borrelia)

28. Bacterial Locomotion Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement
Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

29. Bacterial Nutrition
Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize
Some bacteria are heterotrophs

30. Protists
Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.
Odds & Ends Kingdom

31. Protista Kingdom
There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists
Some are beneficial
Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

32. Protists Disease
Amebic dysentery
Ameba histolytica

33. Protists Disease
Giardiasis
(beaver fever)
 Giardia

34. Protists Disease
African Sleeping Sickness
 Trypanosoma

35. Protists Disease
Malaria
Plasmodium

36. Protists Disease
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma

37. Protists Locomotion 3 types of movement: Pseudopod (false foot)
Flagella/cilia
Contractile vacuoles

38. Protists Nutrition
Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

39. Fungi Kingdom
The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms.
By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

40. Fungi All fungi are eukaryotic
They may be unicellular or multicellular
All fungi have a cell wall
Unicellular (yeast)
Multicellular

41. Fungi Fungi can be very helpful and delicious
Penicillin
Fungi can be very helpful and delicious
Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

42. Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases:
Athlete's Foot

43. Fungi
Ringworm

44. Fungi Locomotion Fungi are stationary
They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

45. Fungi Nutrition All fungi are heterotrophs
- Saprophytes-get their nutrients from dead organic matter
- Mutualists – live symbiotically
- Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

46. common bread molds There are 4 main types of Fungi
(classified by how they reproduce)
Zygospore (Zygosporangia)
common bread molds
reproduce by “spores”-
asexual reproduction!

47. Plant Kingdom
All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and…
they are autotrophs

48. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Conifers (Gymnosperms)
4 important plant groups are the:
Non-vascular
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns (Pteridophytes)
Vascular
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
Conifers (Gymnosperms)

49. Nonvascular Plants - Mosses
the simplest of all land dwelling plants 
lack an internal means for water transportation 
do not produce seeds or flowers
- fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg.
lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their “stems” and so are usually relatively short

50. Mosses

51. Liverworts & Hornworts

52. Vascular Plants
Internal transportation System
Xylem – water carrying tubes
Phloem – sugar carrying tissues
enables plants to evolve into larger specimens.
Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant

53. Gymnosperms
Conifers (pine cones)
Oldest vascular plants

54. Angiosperms
- flowering plants

55. Animalia Kingdom All animals are:
Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs
Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

56. Criteria for Animal Classification Skeletal Characteristics
Invertebrates
have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton
Vertebrates
have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

58. Porifera: sponges

59. Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers
Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst

60. Nematocyst

61. Another Cnidarian – the Hydra
Hydra can reproduce asexually by “budding”
A “bud” is a CLONE of its parent

62. Mollusks
Octopi, squid

63. Mollusks
Clams, oysters

64. Mollusks
Snails, slugs

65. Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria
Human liver fluke

66. Annelids (segmented worms)
Worms & leeches

67. Echinoderms
Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

68. Arthropods
Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

69. Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone)
Phylum: Chordates
The Chordata is the animal phylum with which everyone is most familiar
Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone)
Bilateral symmetry
Endoskeletons
Closed circulatory systems
Nervous systems with complex brains
Efficient respiratory systems

70. Phylum: Chordates