1. The Respiratory System

2. Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses

3. Pharynx
Larynx

4. Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea

5. Bronchi, bronchial tree
Alveoli

6. Lungs

7. Smoker’s lungs

8. Ventilation Requires change in pressure Boyle’s law of gases
Three types of pressure:
Atmosphere
Intraalveolar
Intrapleural

10. Inspiration
Expiration

11. Respiratory Volumes & Capacities
Tidal volume
Inspiratory & expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Total lung capacity

12. External vs. Internal Respiration

13. Oxygen Transport Carried by RBCs Combines with hemoglobin (loading)
Only about 25% is unloaded at tissues
Factors influencing unloading:
Low oxygen levels
High carbon dioxide levels
Temperature increase
Low pH

14. Carbon Dioxide Transport
Dissolved in plasma
Combined with hemoglobin
Part of bicarbonate ion

15. Respiratory Regulation
Normal rate: breaths per minutes
Controlled by brain stem
Influences diaphragm and intercostal muscles

16. Factors That Affect Breathing
Stretch levels in alveoli
Higher brain functions
Body temperature
Nonrespiratory air movement
Changes in carbon dioxide levels