1. Genetic Technology

2. Applications of Genetic Technology
Genetically modified mice that can grow a human ear!
Genetically modified cats that glow in the dark!

3. Applications of Genetic Technology
Genetic technology applications range from extremely unusual to very basic
Selective breeding: only allowing organisms with specific traits to reproduce

4. Applications of Genetic Technology
Inbreeding: Breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain these characteristics

5. Applications of Genetic Technology
Hybridization (cross breeding): bringing together two different individual organisms to create a combination of the best traits of both organisms
Labradoodle
Liger
Cama

6. Genetic Technology Techniques
Test Cross
Basic tool using a punnett square to identify the genotype of an unknown parent by creating a cross with a homozygous recessive parent
This will determine if the unknown organism’s genotype is homozygous or heterozygous for a dominant trait

7. Genetic Technology Techniques
To access DNA for any tests or processes in genetic technology the DNA must be extracted from cells.
DNA Extraction: taking DNA out of the nucleus of a cell
STEP 1: Break apart the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane
STEP 2: Separate DNA from cell debris by adding a substance that attracts the DNA molecules

8. Genetic Technology Techniques
Once DNA has been extracted scientists then have to isolate the gene that they want to work with.
Restriction Enzymes: special enzymes used to cut DNA at specific locations in the DNA strand
Restriction enzymes are used to isolate a specific gene on the DNA strand for research

9. Genetic Technology Techniques
Restriction Enzymes
The enzymes cleave or digest (cut) DNA into smaller pieces
The enzymes look for specific locations in the DNA sequence
Most of the recognition sequences are palindromes, meaning they can be read the same way backwards and forwards
The enzyme will cut at a specific point within the sequence

10. Genetic Technology Techniques
Many times a staggered cut is made
This produces “sticky ends” that can readily combine with other cut pieces of DNA
When cuts are made at the same place on both DNA strands it results in “blunt ends”

11. Genetic Technology Techniques
Despite the fact that 99.9% of the DNA between all humans is identical, there are subtle differences that allow us to distinguish the difference between the DNA of different individuals
Following DNA extraction, a DNA sample that has been collected can be sorted and mapped through a process called Gel Electrophoresis (aka: DNA fingerprinting)

12. Genetic Technology Techniques
Gel Electrophoresis: method used to separate DNA pieces according to their size to compare strands of DNA
STEP 1: Cut DNA into pieces using restriction enzymes
STEP 2: Put DNA fragments into wells in a gel and shock with an electric current to start movement of DNA through the gel
STEP 3: Smaller DNA pieces travel farther through the gel until all DNA fragments are sorted according to size

13. Genetic Technology Techniques

14. Genetic Technology Techniques
Gel electrophoresis can be used to identify someone by making comparisons between known and unknown samples of DNA
Examples: crime suspect or victim identification, paternity identification,

15. Genetic Technology Techniques
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): making copies of a particular gene that has been cut (by restriction enzymes) out of the original DNA
The main purpose of PCR is to make additional copies of a DNA sample that you may only have a small supply of

16. Genetic Technology Techniques
Genetic Engineering: making changes in the DNA of living organisms

17. Genetic Technology Techniques
Genetic Engineering is also known as recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA: making new DNA by cutting out a gene of interest from one DNA strand and pasting it into the new strand to create an organism with DNA from different sources

18. Genetic Technology Techniques
Recombinant DNA
Isolate the gene of interest (ex. human insulin)
Isolate bacterial plasmid (a small circular piece of DNA)
Cut both types of DNA with the SAME restriction enzyme
You will get matching
sticky ends

19. Genetic Technology Techniques
Mix the two types of DNA (gene splicing)
Add the enzyme DNA ligase to permanently bond the pieces
Insert the plasmid into a host bacterial cell

20. Genetic Technology Techniques
7. Transformation: the new cell takes the DNA from the outside source and incorporates it into its own DNA

21. Genetic Technology Techniques
Plant Transformation Techniques
Agrobacterium cells naturally insert the DNA gene of interest into the plant cell being studied
Plasmids with the gene of interest are placed onto small metal particles and then shot into the nucleus of a plant cell

22. Tools for Genetic Technology
Animal Transformation Techniques
DNA is injected into the nucleus of an egg cell or zygote. As the embryo grows the new DNA will be reproduced in each cell.

23. Genetic Technology Techniques
Transgenic Organisms: organisms that contain genes from multiple organisms
Most transgenic organisms are created to study the effect of specific genes or create a product that would improve society

24. Transgenic Applications
Spider Silk- a product created by combining the gene for making silk from a spider and milk production in a goat. The goat produces milk with the silk in it to be harvested for medical suture materials and bullet-proof vests.
Golden Rice- a rice product
that is made by combining the gene for vitamin A with rice plants to create rice grains rich in vitamin A that would improve health and vision in poor countries.

25. Genetic Technology Techniques
To understand where and how to isolate genes for recombinant DNA requires knowledge of the DNA sequence for each organism that is being transformed and the source of the gene being inserted.
A genome is the
complete sequence
of DNA for an
organism

26. Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project was an international effort to completely sequence and map the human genome
The human genome has between 30,000 and 40,000 genes.

27. Human Genome Project
Chromosome Linkage Maps show the locations of genes on chromosomes
 this is just chromosome #1

28. Human Genome Project Applications of the Human Genome Project:
Genetic testing to diagnose genetic disorders
Developing gene therapy
When normal genes are inserted into cells to correct genetic disorders

29. Human Genome Project Additional Information:
Completed first by the U.S. government
Took 13 years and $3 billion to complete ( )
Sequenced DNA on all human chromosomes in the hopes to better discover and offer cures for genetic diseases
Discovered that 99.9% of DNA in every person is exactly the same

30. Biotechnology
Biotechnology: the application of genetic technology techniques to create a product
Genetically modified foods
Biodegradable Plastics
Transgenic Organisms
Biofuels

31. Biotechnology
Cloning: creating genetically identical individuals