1. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.
ISSUES IN SPORTS
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

2. THREATS TO THE INTEGRITY OF SPORT
Academic issues
Breaking the rules to gain competitive advantages
Pressures to win
Violence
Gambling
Arms race
Excessive commercialization
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

3. GIRLS AND WOMEN IN SPORTS
Historically excluded from competitive sports because they were considered to be
Harmful physically
Harmful emotionally
Too aggressive (non-feminine)
Gradual changing societal opinion
Persistence of sexual stereotypes
Commercials
Cheerleaders
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

4. TITLE IX—COMPLIANCE AREAS
Financial assistance (scholarships) must be available on a substantially proportional basis
Program areas so that males and females receive equivalent treatment, benefits, and opportunities, such as equipment and supplies, practice, and competitive facilities
Interests and abilities of male and female students are equally effectively accommodated
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

5. TITLE IX—THREE-PRONG TEST
Participation opportunities are substantially proportionate to the undergraduate enrollment.
There must have been a continuing practice of program expansion in response to developing interests and abilities of the under represented sex.
An institution must show that the interest and abilities of the members of the under represented sex have been fully and effectively accommodated.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

6. TITLE IX—How Informed Are You?
______ 1. All educational institutions today are in full compliance with Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments because it is federal law.
______ 2. Title IX applies only to those programs in an educational institution that directly receive federal financial assistance.
______ 3. No federal money has ever been lost because of a violation of Title IX.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

7. TITLE IX—How Informed Are You?
______ 4. Title IX permits those men’s teams that generate revenue to receive additional financial aid and program benefits, as long as these benefits are paid for out of the revenues that are produced by these sports.
______ 5. The three-part test used for determining participation opportunities requires the elimination of men’s sports teams in order to achieve proportionality.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

8. TITLE IX—How Informed Are You?
______ 6. The ratio of males and females within the undergraduate student body is used as the basis for determining whether participation opportunities for males and females are substantially proportional.
______ 7. One way to comply with the participation opportunities required by Title IX is to provide the same number of men’s teams as women’s teams.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

9. TITLE IX—How Informed Are You?
______ 8. Title IX requires the expenditure of the equal amount of funds for men’s intercollegiate athletics as for women’s intercollegiate athletics.
______ 9. Title IX requires that coaches of women’s teams receive the same salaries as the coaches of men’s teams.
______ 10. An institution found guilty of violating Title IX risks having to pay compensatory and/or punitive damages.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

10. EQUALITY FOR MINORITIES
Excluded from professional leagues and most colleges and schools
Quota system
Stacking
Academic exploitation
Economic exploitation
Limited opportunities for coaching and management positions
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

11. ISSUES FOR MINORITIES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS
Tracking in high school
Sliding scale for high school grades and college entrance tests
Non- and partial-qualifiers and grants-in-aid
Tutorial support
Grants-in-aid to only the highly skilled
Skills in certain sports vs. opportunities
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

12. EQUALITY FOR SENIOR CITIZENS
Biases limiting prior opportunities
Living longer and quality of life issues
Increased political and economic influence
Masters’ competitions
1987—Senior Games
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

13. EQUALITY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
1975—Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act today)
1978—Amateur Sports Act
1990—Americans with Disabilities Act
1952—Paralympic Games
1968—Special Olympics
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14. GOALS FOR YOUTH SPORTS—ATHLETES’ PERSPECTIVES
Have fun
Learn sport skills
Spend time with friends
Feel successful
Have something to do
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

15. FOR PARENTS…YOUTH SPORTS SHOULD HELP THEIR CHILDREN
Win (“Did you win” is always the first question parents ask their children.)
Learn sport skills so they can earn a grant-in-aid or become a professional athlete
Share their interest in sports
Keep active (give them something to do)
Play games in an organized, supervised, and safe environment
Develop teamwork, cooperation, self-discipline, and sportsmanship
Learn how to work with others (social skills)
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

16. PROBLEMS IN YOUTH SPORTS
Pressure to win (at all costs)
Poorly trained coaches
Parental interference and pressure
Loss of values or ideals (cheating)
Injury risks ignored
Violence and gamesmanship
Sport specialization
Only the skilled play—the others sit on the bench
Restricted to one position
Financial burden on parents and disruptive to families
Not fun any more
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

17. PROPOSED CHANGES IN YOUTH SPORTS
Making sure that having fun is most important
Developing sports skills
Emphasizing playing several sports, not specializing in one sport
Playing every child in each game and in different positions
Educating coaches so they will teach skills, strategies, and rules in developmentally-appropriate ways
Matching youths’ abilities and maturity levels
Keeping the games and participants safe
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

18. PROPOSED CHANGES IN YOUTH SPORTS
Educating parents so they model proper behaviors
Giving each child an equal opportunity to strive for success
Deemphasizing winning
Giving certificates of participation, not trophies
Eliminating individual awards and tournaments that reduce playing opportunities
Avoiding all-star and traveling teams
Teaching and modeling values like cooperation, discipline, fair play, respect, responsibility, sportsmanship, and teamwork
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

19. INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS
Viewed as an important part of the extracurricular activities of high school students
Concerns about middle school teams becoming “farm clubs” for high schools
Provide a rallying activity for
Schools and their students
Communities and cities
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

20. VALUES OF INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS
Using leisure time more productively
Developing physical fitness and sport skills
Learning and displaying sportsmanship and ethical behaviors
Gaining greater self-discipline
Learning how to work as a member of a team
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

21. PROBLEMS FACING INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS
Lack of adequate funding
Lack of adequate facilities and equipment
Lack of qualified coaches for all sports
Lack of parental and school support
Lack of emphasis on teaching educational values
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

22. ISSUES IN INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS
Too much emphasis on winning
Year-round conditioning programs
Specialization in one sport
Athletes playing while hurt
Coaches’ jobs depending on winning
Drug use and abuse
Unsportsmanlike conduct (violence)
“No pass, no play”
Hazing
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

23. ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS
Academics
Preferential admissions
Missed classes
Freshman eligibility
Unearned grades
Failure to graduate
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

24. ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS
Recruiting violations
Contacts
Transcript tampering
Inducements
Pressures to win
Sports as businesses (commercialization)
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

25. ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS
Loss of educational and ethical values
Loss of institutional control
Media exposure and influence
Point shaving and gambling
Drug use and abuse
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

26. PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS IN SPORTS
Widespread use in society and in sport is indicative of an overemphasis on winning
Restorative or therapeutic, such as anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve pain
Protein supplements—increase muscle mass
Creatine—increase energy in short duration
Amphetamines—delay fatigue and increase the body’s endurance capacity
Anabolic steroids—build muscle mass and strength
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

27. PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS IN SPORTS
Sources—trainers, doctors, coaches, and teammates
Drug testing
National Center for Drug Free Sport, Inc. administers the NCAA testing program
4th Amendment—guarantee of rights against unreasonable searches (urinalysis)
14th Amendment adds state protection
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

28. PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS
When coaches and athletes violate athletic regulations, such as drug abuse or gambling,
Sanction them for the first offense
Give a two-year probation for the second offense
Ban violators for life for the third offense
Withhold from an institution for five years one grant-in-aid for every athlete who does not graduate within six years
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

29. PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS
Require that coaches of non-revenue producing sports be employed full-time within the institution
Base coaches’ job security and salaries not on their won-lost records, but on the fulfillment of their other job responsibilities and the provision of positive experiences for their athletes
Restrict schedules of all sports to no more than one day of competition per week while classes are in session
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

30. PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS
Excuse athletes from classes no more than five days per academic year for travel and competition
Admit only those athletes who meet the academic standards of admission to the colleges they attend
Limit grants-in-aid to tuition, fees, and books, and award them only on the basis of need
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

31. PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS
Guarantee grants-in-aid
Make freshmen ineligible
Eliminate trivial recruiting rules
Make it illegal for a booster to offer money to a college athlete
Pay student-athletes
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

32. PROPOSED CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS
1991—Knight Commission— Keeping Faith with the Student Athlete
Presidential control
Academic integrity
Financial integrity
Accountability through certification
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

33. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.
MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES
Founder—Pierre deCoubertin
Purposes
Spread physical education and sports around the world
Raise the standard of physical achievement, especially in France
Link all people of the world in friendship
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

34. ISSUES WITH THE OLYMPIC GAMES
Drug abuse
Politics
Commercialization
Cheating
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

35. POSSIBILIITES FOR THE REFORM OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES
Build a permanent Olympic Center that would be open year-round for championships
Enlarge the Olympic Games to include more sports during more days
Reduce excessive displays of nationalism during award ceremonies, such as anthems
Enlarge and revamp the membership of the International Olympic Committee
Remove team sports competition
Make the Olympic Games annual events
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.