1. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Micronutrient deficiencies are widespread. 50% of world soils are deficient in zinc and 30% of cultivated soils globally are deficient in iron.
In general, farmers only apply micronutrients when crops show deficiency symptoms, while micronutrient deficiencies decrease yields before symptoms appear.
Some common farming practices (such as liming acid soils) contribute to widespread occurrence of micronutrient deficiencies in crops by decreasing the availability of the micronutrients present in the soil.
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2. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Also, extensive use of glyphosate in the orchards is increasingly suspected to impair micronutrient uptake by crops, especially with regard to manganese, iron and zinc.
Therefore it is important to have an idea about the symptoms and role of micronutrients in fruit crops for correcting deficiency at right time for getting maximum yield with quality fruit.
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3. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Role of Boron
Boron helps in the use of nutrients and regulates other nutrients. 
It aids production of sugar and carbohydrates. 
It is essential for seed and fruit development. 
It acts as transporter of sugar from source to sink and their metabolism.
It is important for pollen germination, pollen tube growth and fruit set.
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4. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Role of Copper
It is important for reproductive growth.
Copper aids in root metabolism and helps in the utilization of proteins. 
It is a constituent part of several enzyme system.
Role of Iron
It is essential for formation of chlorophyll.
It provides link between enzyme and substrate.
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5. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Role of Manganese
Functions with enzyme systems involved in breakdown of carbohydrates, and nitrogen metabolism. 
It helps in chlorophyll formation.
Role of Zinc
Essential for the transformation of carbohydrates.
Regulates consumption of sugars.
Part of the enzyme systems which regulate plant growth. 
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6. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Deficiency symptoms of copper (cu)
Narrow, twisted leaves and pale white shoot tips are apparent due to Cu deficiency.
Cu deficiency caused die back of the terminal growth and leaves appear mottled.
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7. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Deficiency symptoms of iron (Fe)
Symptoms develop earlier in the growing season and have a pattern of Zn deficiency.
Loss of green colour is more severe and leaves become yellow or creamy white
Growth is stunted and fruiting is poor due to Fe deficiency.
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8. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Deficiency symptoms of boron (B)
Poor growth, weak shoot with short internode, double buds, death of growing points, increased growth of side shoots, failure of fruit to develop are the main symptoms of B deficiency in grape.
Leaves with mosaic marking, pale margin and internal parts necrosis are apparent due to B deficiency.
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9. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Deficiency symptoms of boron
Defused chlorosis of the young leaves with brownish water soaked areas on the apical tendrils and cupping of the 3rd and 4th leaf from the tip also seen.
Young leaves may be malformed and deeply lobed.
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10. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Deficiency symptoms of manganese
Chlorosis pattern similar to that of Zinc deficiency with green banding of all veins.
In severe cases whole vine becomes stunted and reduced fruit yield.
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11. Deficiency symptoms of Zinc (Zn)
Role and deficiency symptoms of micro nutrients in grape
Deficiency symptoms of Zinc (Zn)
Zn deficiency markedly reduced the leaf size and inhibited plant growth appreciably.
Zn deficiency found to be the cause interveinal yellowing on young leaves and reduced leaf area.
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12. Role and deficiency symptoms of micronutrients in grape
Toxicity symptoms of micronutrients
High boron concentration increased leaf blade injury in grapevines.
Copper toxicity affected young vines, specially where the soil humus content is low.
Manganese toxicity symptoms are similar to Iron toxicity and phytotoxicty are seen due to excess of manganese.
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