1. Data Resource Management5
Data Resource Management
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

2. Chapter Objectives
Explain the importance of implementing data resource management processes and technologies in an organization.
Outline the advantages of a database management approach to managing the data resources of a business.
Explain how database management software helps business professionals and supports the operations and management of a business.
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

3. Chapter Objectives
Provide examples to illustrate each of the following concepts:
Major types of databases
Data warehouses and data mining
Logical data elements
Fundamental database structures
Database access methods
Database development.
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

4. Logical Data Elements Personnel Database Employee Record 2 Record 1
Name SS
Salary
Data
Personnel
Database
Payroll
File
Benefits
To understand databases, it is useful to remember that the elements of data that make up the database are divided into hierarchical levels. These logical data elements make up the foundation data concepts upon which a database is built.
Character. The most basic logical element is the character, which consists of a single alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol. While it may take several bits or bytes to represent a character digitally, remember that these refer to physical storage, not the logical concept of the character itself.
Field. A field is a grouping of characters that represent a characteristic of a person, place, thing, or event. A person's name is typically placed in a field. A field is a data item. A data field represents an attribute or some entity.
Record. A record is a collection of interrelated fields. For example, an employee's payroll record usually contains several fields, such as their name, social security number, department, and salary. Records may be fixed-length or variable-length.
File. A file is a collection of interrelated records. For example, a payroll file might contain all of the payroll files for all the employees of a firm. Files are usually classified by the application for which they are used.
Database. A database is an integrated collection of logically interrelated records or files. For example, the personnel database of a firm might contain payroll, personnel action, and employee skills files. The data stored in a database is independent of the application programs using it and of the type of secondary storage devices on which it is stored.
Teaching Tips
This slide corresponds to Figure 5.2 on p. 144 and relates to material on pp
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

5. Levels of data Character Field Records
Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol
Field
Groupings of characters
Represents an attribute of some entity
Records
Related fields of data
Collection of attributes that describe an entity
Fixed-length or variable-length

6. Files (table) Database A group of related records Classified by
Primary use
Type of data
permanence
Database
Integrated collection of logically related data elements
Consolidates records into a common pool of data elements
Data is independent of the application program using them and type of storage device

7. Database Management Systems
Operating
System
Database
Management
Application
Programs
Databases
Data
Dictionary
Database Development
Database Interrogation
Database Maintenance
Application Development
Under the database management approach, data records are consolidated into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs. A database management system (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of the databases of an organization and its end users. Four major DBMS facilities include:
Database Development. A DBMS allows control of development to be placed with database administrators. The administrator uses a data definition language (DDL) to develop and specify the data contents, relationships, and structure of each database, and to modify these specifications when necessary. This approach improves integrity and security for the organizational databases. The information is stored in a data dictionary, which uses data definitions to specify what all the records and files are, can be, and, if desired, to automatically enforce data element definitions when fields, records, or files are modified.
Database Interrogation. A DBMS allows end users without programming skills to ask for information from a database using a query language or report generator. Queries are usually made one of two ways:
SQL (Structured Query Language). This uses the basic form of SELECT ...FROM...WHERE. After SELECT the user lists the data fields to be retrieved. After FROM the user lists the files or tables from which the data must be retrieved. After WHERE the user specifies conditions that limit the search.
QBE (Query by Example). This method allows users to point and click on display boxes for each of the data fields in one or more files to specify the rules of the search
Database Maintenance. Updating the databases and other maintenance are conducted by transaction processing programs.
Application Development. A DBMS makes application development much easier and quicker by allowing developers to include data manipulation language (DML) statements in their programs that let the DBMS perform necessary data-handling activities.
Teaching Tips
This slide corresponds to Figure 5.5 on p. 147 and relates to material on pp
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

8. Major Types of Databases
Network
Server
External
Databases on
the Internet &
Online Services
Client
PC or NC
Operational
Databases of
the Organization
Data
Mart
End User
Databases
Warehouse
Distributed
Intranets &
Other Networks
Six major types of databases are illustrated on the slide and used by computer-based organizations:
Operational Databases. These databases store detailed data needed to support the operations of the entire organization. They are also called subject area databases (SADB), transaction databases, and production databases. These also include databases of Internet and electronic commerce activity, such as click stream data or data describing online behavior of visitors at a company’s website.
Data Warehouse Databases. These store data from current and previous years that has been extracted from the various operational and management databases of the organization. As a standardized and integrated central source of data, warehouses can be used by managers for pattern processing, where key factors and trends about operations can be identified from the historical record.
Data Marts. Are subsets of the data included in a Data Warehouse which focus on specific aspects of a company, e.g. department, business process, etc.
Distributed Databases. These are the databases of local workgroups and departments at regional offices, branch offices, and other work sites needed to complete the task at hand. They include relevant information from other organizational databases combined with data and information generated only at the particular site. These databases can reside on network servers, on the World Wide Web, or on Intranets and Extranets.
End User Databases. These consist of a variety of data files developed by end users at their workstations. For example, an end user in sales might combine information on a customer’s order history with her own notes and impressions from face-to-face meetings to improve follow-up.
External Databases. Many organizations make use of privately generated and owned online databases or data banks that specialize in a particular area of interest. Access is usually through a subscription for continuing links or a one-time fee for a specific piece of information (like the results of a single search). Other sources like those found on the Web are free.
Teaching Tips
This slide corresponds to Figure 5.10 on p. 151 and relates to material on pp
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

9. Data Warehouses & Data Mining
Stores data extracted from operational, external, or other databases of an organization
Central source of “structured” data
May be subdivided into data marts
Data mining
A major use of data warehouse databases
Data is analyzed to reveal hidden correlations, patterns, and trends

10. Data Warehouse and Data Mining
Client
PC or NC
Analytical
Data Store
Enterprise
Warehouse
Data Mart
Data
Acquisition
Subsystem
Design
Management
Data Access
and Delivery
Web
Information
System
Operational
Databases
Metadata
Directory
Repository
A data warehouse stores data that has been extracted from various operational, external, and other databases within the organization.
To create a data warehouse, data from various databases are captured, cleaned, e.g. sorted, filtered, converted, and transformed into data that can be better used for analysis. The data is then stored in the enterprise data warehouse, from where it can be moved into data marts or to an analytical data store that holds data to support certain types of analysis.
Metadata, that defines the data in the data warehouse, is stored in a Metadata Directory that is used to support data administration. A variety of analytical software tools can then be used to query, report, and analyze data.
One such means for analyzing data in a data warehouse is called data mining.
In data mining, the data in a data warehouse are analyzed to reveal hidden patterns and trends in historical business activity. This can help managers make decisions about strategic changes in business operations.
Teaching Tips
This slide corresponds to Figure 5.11 on p.152 and relates to material on pp
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

11. Web-Based Systems Network Server The Internet Intranets Extranets
Browser
Web Server
Software
Network
Server
The Internet
Intranets
Extranets
Client PCs
or NCs
HTML pages
GIF image files
Video files
Web Objects
The rapid growth of websites on the Internet and corporate intranets and extranets has dramatically increased the use of databases of hypertext and hypermedia documents.
Hypermedia Database: A website stores information in a hypermedia database consisting of a home page and other hyperlinked pages of multimedia or mixed media (text, graphics and photographic images, video clips, audio segments, and so on).
Browser: A web browser on your client PC is used to connect with a web network server. This server runs web software to access and transfer the web pages you request.
Web Site: A website uses a hypermedia database consisting of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) pages, GIF (graphics image files) files, and video files.
Web Server Software: Acts as a database management system to manage the use of the interrelated hypermedia pages of the website.
Teaching Tips
This slide corresponds to Figure 5.13 on p.153 and relates to material on pp
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

12. Data Resource Management
Administration
Planning
Database
The security and integrity of an organization's databases are the major concerns of the data resource management efforts. Key activities of data resource management include:
Database Administration. This area is responsible for developing and maintaining the organization's data dictionary, as well as designing and monitoring the performance of databases, and enforcing the standards for database use and security.
Data Planning. Data planning is a corporate planning and analysis function responsible for the overall data architecture for the firm. This role ensures that data resources are developed to support the firm's strategic mission and plans.
Data Administration. This area involves the establishment and enforcement of policies and procedures for managing data as a strategic corporate resource. This means standardizing data so that it is available to all end users from whatever database they are working.
Teaching Tips
This slide corresponds to Figure 5.14 on p.154 and relates to material on pp
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

13. Database Structures Hierarchical Structure Network Structure Dept A
Employee 2 A
Empno
Ename
Etitle
Dept 1 B 3 C
Relational Structure
Network Structure
Hierarchical Structure
Project B
Project A
Dname
Dloc
Dmgr
Dept A
Dept B
The relationships among the records stored in databases are based upon one of several logical database structures or models. These fundamental database structures are described below.
Hierarchical Structure. Under this tree-like structure, each data element is related only to one element above it, a so-called one-to-many relationship. All records are dependent and arranged in multilevel structures.
Network Structure. This structure features a many-to-many arrangement whereby the DBMS can access a data element by following one of several paths.
Relational Structure. This model has become the most popular structure and is used by most microcomputers. All data elements within the database are viewed as being stored in the form of simple tables. The DBMS can link data elements from various tables to provide information to end users.
Teaching Tips
This slide corresponds to Figure 5.16 on p and relates to material on pp
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

14. Database Structures (cont)
East
West
Denver
Feb
Actual Budget
Margin
Sales TV
VCR
Multidimensional
Database Structure
Attributes
Customer
Balance
Operations
Deposit
Withdraw
Bank Account Object
Credit Line
Mthly Statement
Calculate Interest
Print Mthly
Statement
Checking Account
Object
Savings Account
Object-Oriented
Object-Oriented Structure. Objects consist of data values describing the attributes of an entity and the operations that can be performed on the data. This is called encapsulation and allows object-oriented database structures to better handle complex types of data such as video and audio. The object-oriented model also supports inheritance, allowing new objects to replicate some or all the characteristics of one or more parent objects, as shown in the slide. Such capabilities allow developers to copy and combine objects, allowing for very rapid development of new database solutions.
Multidimensional Structure. This structure uses cells within a multidimensional framework to aggregate data related to elements within a given dimension. Each cell combines with similar cells to form a coherent "cube" of information and data, which in turn is combined with other cubes to form dimensions. As a result they are both compact and easy to understand. Multidimensional structures have fast become the most popular database structure for analytical databases that support online analytical processing (OLAP) applications.
Teaching Tips
This slide corresponds to Figure 5.17 on p.160 and Figure 5.18 on p. 161 and relates to material on pp
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

15. Chapter Summary
Data resource management is a critical management activity. Management roles include database administration, data planning, and data administration.
Under the database management approach, data records are consolidated into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs, serving multiple users.
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies

16. Chapter Summary (cont)
Database management systems are software packages that simplify the creation, use, and maintenance of databases.
Several types of databases are used by organizations including operational, distributed, external, data warehouses and data marts.
Database development for large corporate databases requires a top-down planning effort involving planning, requirements specification and logical and physical design.
© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies