1. Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!

2. Bose-Einstein Condensate
Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate

3. We all know about: SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature

5. Will everything just be a gas?
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything just be a gas?

6. PLASMA NO! The 4th state of matter:
If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get
The 4th state of matter:
PLASMA

7. Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames

8. 2. Lightning

9. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

10. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
4. Aurora (from above)

11. 5. Neon lights

12. 6. Stars
Stars make up 99% of the total VISIBLE matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything VISIBLE that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

13. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

15. We can generate stars here on Earth via a Tokamak reactor
We can generate stars here on Earth via a Tokamak reactor. They are donut shaped but stars nonetheless.

17. 7. Plasma cutting

18. 8. Clouds of gas and dust around stars6

19. So now we know all about four states of matter:
PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)
LIQUIDS
GASES
SOLIDS
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature

21. Will everything just be a frozen solid?
But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything just be a frozen solid?

22. Not Necessarily!
In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.
Einstein
Bose +

23. Ketterle and his students
Finally, in 1995 (only 14 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his students
The 5th state of matter:
Bose-Einstein Condensate

24. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

25. Bose-Einstein Condensation
Here is a picture a computer took of
Bose-Einstein Condensation
The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way!
(We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

26. Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

29. To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know
Quantum Physics

30. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:
The Nobel Prize

31. The five states of matter:
PLASMA (only for low density ionized gases)
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
LIQUIDS
SOLIDS
GASES
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature

32. There might be sixth type …and a lot of it Dark Matter
Dark Matter is matter that we cannot see.
It neither emits nor reflects any light. If we can’t see it.
Scientists can measure dark matter indirectly by observing its gravitational effects in a variety of ways.