1. Development of Conservation Equations for A CV
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
Comprehensive Description of Fluid Flows……

2. Description of Continuously Evolving Fluid Parcels

3. Material description of a fluid particle motion.
The motion of a fluid particle with respect to a
reference coordinate system is in general given by a time dependent position vector x(t)

4. Paths of Various Particles

5. Evolution of Shape of Moving Fluid Parcels

6. Evolution of Shape of Moving Particle
Material derivative of Jcabian:

7. Comprehensive Description
The conservation laws in integral form are, strictly speaking, valid for closed systems.
Fluid mechanics deals with open systems, where the mass flow continuously crosses the system boundary.
To apply the conservation laws to open systems, sepecial necessary mathematical tools need to be developed.
These tools help in treating the volume integral of an arbitrary field quantity f(x,t).
An important kinematic relation to develop a generalized mathematical models for fluid flows.

8. Actions across A Control volume

9. Reynolds Descriptions a System
The control mass occupies region I and C.V. (region II) at time t0.
Fluid particles of region – I are trying to enter C.V. (II) at time t0.
the same control mass occupies regions (II+III) at t0 + dt
Fluid particles of I will enter CV-II in a time dt.
Few more fluid particles which belong to CV – II at t0 will occupy III at time t0 + dt.

10. Reynolds' Transport TheoremII
III
At time t0+dt
I has entered and III has left CV at time t0+dt I II
At time t0
I is trying to enter CV at time t0
The control volume may move as time passes.

11. Deformation of a differential volume at different instant of time

12. The Field quantity
The field quantity f(x,t) may be a zeroth, first or second order tensor valued function.
Namely, as mass, concentration, velocity vector, and stress tensor.
A fluid element of given initial volume (dV0) may change its volume and/or change it surface (ds0) with a given time, while moving through the flow field.
This is due to various experiences by the element namely, dilatation, compression and deformation.
Let us consider the same fluid particles at any time and therefore, it is called the material volume.

13. Change in Field quantity of A Control Volume
The total value of a field quantity for a CV.
volume integral of the quantity f(x,t):
This is a function of time only.
The integration must be carried out over the varying volume V(t).
The material change of the quantity F(t) is expressed as:
Since the shape of the volume V(t) changes with time, the differentiation and integration cannot be interchanged.

14. The Fundamental Reynolds Analogy
Reynolds analogy permits the transformation of the time dependent volume V(t) into the fixed volume V0 at time t = 0 by using the Jacobian transformation function:

15. Change in Field quantity of A Control Volume
With this operation it is possible to interchange the sequence of differentiation and integration:
The chain differentiation of the expression within the parenthesis results in

16. Material Derivative of Jocobian Function
Every volume element dV follows the motion from x=f(, t) to x=f(, t+dt) and changes its shape and size.
As a result, the Jacobian transformation function undergoes a time change.
This change is the material derivative of J:
Self Study : Chapter 3 : Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Fluid Mechanics for Engineers

17. Introducing the material derivative of the Jacobian function and simplifying based on derivatives of transformation functions
This equation permits the back transformation of the fixed volume integral into the time dependent volume integral.

18. The chain rule applied to the second and third term yields:
The second volume integral in above equation can be converted into a surface integral by applying the Gauss' divergence theorem:

19. This Equation is valid for any system boundary with time the dependent volume V(t) and surface s(t) at any time.
Also valid at the time t = t0 , where the volume V = VC and the surface s = sC.
VC and sC are named as control volume and control surface.
These control surfaces can be inlets or exits.