1. Chapter 10 The Reproductive System
Reproduction means being able to produce new individuals (babies) Two methods
Asexual Reproduction: - one parent only and the offspring are clones of the parent.
Sexual Reproduction: - two parents a male and a female - offspring are not clones of parent.

2. Gametes (Sex Cells)
Gametes (sex cells) are needed for sexual reproduction
Each parent produces a sex cell or gamete
male gamete = sperm
female gamete = egg
Fertilisation
Fertilisation is the fusion between the male and female gametes to produce a zygote

3. Male Reproductive System
Can you identify the function of each part?

4. Seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland and Prostate gland
Summary of functions of main parts of male reproductive system
Part
Function
Testis
Produces sperm and testosterone
Sperm duct
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
Seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland and Prostate gland
Produces seminal fluid which feeds the sperm and allows them to swim. Sperm and seminal fluid are collectively called semen.
Urethra
Allows the passage of either urine or sperm.
Penis
Places sperm inside the body of a female
Scrotum
Keeps testes at a lower temperature (35°). This is the optimum temperature for Meiosis to occur.

5. Urethra The urethra carries semen and urine out of the body
Facts about sperm
The volume of semen in a single ejaculation may vary from 1.5 to 6.0 ml.
There are usually between 50 to 150 million sperm per millilitre of semen

6. Puberty Puberty – The age at which young people reach sexual maturity.
In boys this occurs between years.
In girls this occurs between years old.

7. Male Secondary Sexual characteristics
Secondary sexual characteristics refer to features that distinguish males from females, apart from the sex organs themselves.
The growth of pubic, facial and body hair
The enlargement of larynx and ‘breaking’ of the voice
Increased muscular and bone
A growth spurt at puberty
An increased secretion of sebum in the skin

8. Male Hormone - Testosterone
Testosterone is the hormone responsible for
Development of male sex organs:
Sperm production.
Development of the secondary male sexual characteristics.
The primary sexual characteristics are the presence of the male and female reproductive parts

10. Structure of the female reproductive system

11. functions of main parts of female reproductive system
Ovary
To produce the egg (ova). To produce hormones
Fallopian tube
(oviduct)
Catches the egg from the ovary and transports it to uterus. Site of fertilisation.
Uterus
Site of implantation. Holds the developing embryo. Has a lining (endometrium) enriched with blood vessels to nourish the embryo.
Forms the placenta.
Vagina
Allows entry of sperm and exit of baby at birth.

12. Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Females
Hormones released at puberty are responsible for:
The maturing and enlargement of the breasts.
The widening of the pelvis to allow for birth.
The growth of pubic and underarm hair.
A growth spurt.

14. Menstrual Cycle

15. Events in the menstrual cycle
Days 1 – 5
1. Menstruation (period). The old lining of the uterus breaks down and leaves the body.
2. A new egg is produced in the ovary.
Days
1. The lining of the uterus builds up again in preparation for implantation.
2. Oestrogen also prevents the development of any more eggs.
Day 14
Ovulation. The release the egg into the fallopian tube.
Days
1. The uterus lining thicken even further.
If fertilisation does not take place:
The egg that was released will die by day 16 if it is not fertilised.
The lining of the uterus breaks down again on day 28.
The menstrual cycle begins again with day 1.