1. Biology Notes Nutrient & Energy Cycles Part 1 Pages 63-73

2. Standards
____ Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels.
____ Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one form to another.
2.1
2.2

3. Essential Question 1. How does the movement of matter and
energy through biological systems impact you?

4. I. The Biosphere Biosphere = the portion of Earth that supports _____
The biosphere extends from ____ km above Earth’s surface to _____ km below the surface of the ocean
life 8 11

6. Biotic factors = the living parts of the ___________
e.g.
Abiotic factors = the non-living parts of the ___________
biosphere
animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, etc.
biosphere
rocks, sunlight, water, sand, air,
temperature

7. II. The Laws of Energy In The Biosphere
First Law of Thermodynamics = the internal ________ of a system is equal to the amount added by heating minus the amount lost by doing ______ on the environment
Basically, energy is __________ (law of conservation of energy)
entropy
work
conserved

9. Second Law of Thermodynamics = the ________ of an isolated system which is not in ___________ will tend to increase over time
So, some energy is converted to _____ in biological processes and is not recycled as _______ energy in the environment
entropy
equilibrium
heat
usable

11. energy is replenished everyday by the ____
once radiant energy reaches Earth’s atmosphere, energy is converted to a _______ form
e.g.
once used, the energy is released as _____ which can get trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere
heat is not a _______ form of energy
sun
usable
food (chemical potential energy)
heat
usable

12. III. The Flow Of Energy Within The Biosphere
A. Where The Energy Enters
Autotroph / Producers = organisms that use energy from the _____ to make their own _____
e.g.
sun
food
plants, trees, flowers, etc.

13. through the process of ________________
Equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6
photosynthesis

14. B. Where Energy Moves
Heterotrophs / Consumers = organisms that depend on ___________ for food and energy
they cannot perform ________________
autotrophs
photosynthesis

15. 1. Herbivore = a consumer that feeds only on _______
e.g.
2. Carnivore = a consumer that feeds only on other _________
plants
horses, sheep, cows,
rabbits, squirrels
animals
spider, tiger,
lion, T-rex

16. 3. Omnivore = a consumer that eats both ______ and animals
e.g.
4. Detritivore = a consumer that eats only dead plant or ________
sometimes called a ___________
plants
humans, bears,
coyote, raccoons
animals
scavenger
vulture, hyena,
crow, buzzard

17. 5. Decomposer = a consumer that breaks down ________ matter and recycles it back into the Earth’s ___________
e.g.
nutrient
biosphere
bacteria, fungi, ants, worms

18. C. Models Of Energy Flow
1. Food Chains = a series of steps in which organisms transfer ________ by eating and being eaten
arrows represent the _________ in which the energy is transferred
e.g.
energy
direction

20. 2. Food Web = a model of an ecosystem that expresses ____ possible feeding relationships
shows all the food _______ put together
e.g.
all
chains

22. 3. Ecological Pyramid = a diagram that shows the relative amounts of ________ or matter contained in each trophic level of a food _______ or food web
trophic level = a single _____ in a food chain or food web
Why are there no more than 5 trophic levels in a food chain or food web?
energy
chain
step
the amount of available energy
to the 5th link is too small

23. the base of a pyramid is always ___________
as the pyramid gets closer to the top, the amount of available energy ___________
10% rule = only about _____ percent of energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next ________ level
autotrophs
decreases 10
trophic

24. Energy Pyramid Diagram:

26. biomass = the total amount of living tissue within a given ________ level
e.g
trophic
see page 72

28. Pyramids of numbers can look different than pyramids of biomass. Why?
small numbers can have large masses