1. Sculpture and Installation
Sculpture methods covered in this chapter include:
Modeling (additive)
Assembling (additive)
Carving (subtractive)
Casting (involves a mold)

2. Key Terms for this chapter include:
terra cotta
mold
lost-wax process
“in the round”
low relief (bas-relief)
high relief
contrapposto
installation
earthwork
time-based work .

3. Sculpture and Installation
Sculpture involves works of art dealing with three-dimensional space.
Three-dimensional involves:
Height, Width, and Depth
“In the round”: Freestanding artwork that can be viewed from any angle; completed on all sides.
Discussion question:
How does your experience differ between sculptures that you view frontally versus those you view “in the round”?

4. Sculpture
In relief, forms project from but remain attached to a background surface; meant to be viewed frontally.
Low Relief: Also called bas-relief; figures project only slightly from the background.
High Relief: Forms dramatically project from the background by generally at least half their depth.
Discussion question:
How does distance from relief sculpture and the time of day (outside artwork) affect your experience of it?

5. MODELING
Modeling is an additive process. The sculptor begins with a framework or nothing at all and adds material until the sculpture is finished. It is a very direct method of working.
Clay, also known as terra cotta, is the most common modeling material.
Discussion question:
Those of you who have worked in clay, describe your physical experience with using this medium.

6. CASTING
Casting is a very indirect method of working. It involves a mold of some kind into which liquid or semi liquid is poured and allowed to harden.
Bronze is a common casting material.
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7. CASTING
The lost-wax process is the most common method for casting. The wax original is destroyed in the process making each sculpture cast unique.

8. CARVING
In carving the sculptor begins with a block of material and cuts, chips, and gouges away until the form emerges. It is a subtractive process.
Wood and stone are the principal materials historically used for this process.
Discussion questions:
What are advantages and disadvantages of working in this technique?
When would an artist choose to use fresco over oil painting or tempera to create a work of art?

9. ASSEMBLING
In assembling, individual pieces, segments, or objects are brought together to form a sculpture. It is an additive process.

10. Sculpture: The Human Figure
The human figure is a basic subject for sculpture throughout time.
Contrapposto: Meaning counterpoise or counterbalance; sets the body in a gentle S-shaped curve that implies the potential for human motion.

11. Working with Time and Place
Human beings also sculpt the landscape and specific environments. There are practical, religious, and aesthetic reasons for this type of sculpture.

12. Working with Time and Place
Earthwork: A work of art made for a specific place using natural materials found there, especially the earth itself.
Installation: An artist modifies a space in some way and asks us to enter, explore, and experience it.

13. Sculpture and Installation: Summary
Sculpture Methods
Modeling Assembling Carving Casting
Key Terms
terra cotta
mold
lost-wax process
“in the round”
low and high relief
contrapposto
installation
earthwork
time-based work