1. Violence In Sport

2. Objectives Consider player violence and spectator violence
Understand why and how violence occurs
Recap the causes of violence within sport
Understand strategies to deal with violence in sport from the NGB, leadership and individual perspective
What is hooliganism, what causes it, where it happens and how to combat it

3. Questions
Violence can sometimes occur in elite sport, for example football, both on and off the pitch.
Why might an elite performer commit an act of violence on the pitch? (3 marks)
Explain, using examples, why an elite performer may need the protection of the law during their sporting careers. (4 marks)
Hooliganism has effected football for over 40 years
Define the term ‘hooliganism’ and discuss the reasons why it may occur? (4 marks)
What steps have been taken to reduce the incidences of hooliganism (3 marks)

4. Violence in Sport
Watch this video, on your white boards write down any thoughts that spring to mind

5. Violence In Sport Violence between players: There are two types:
Spontaneous outburst
Premeditated action (planned)
Give some examples from the video we have just seen

6. Causes of Violence Between Players
Think back to ‘changing behaviour’, on your whiteboards write down what you can remember for what causes aggressive/violent behaviour
Genetic
Frustration – leads to aggression
Loss of Identity
Socially Learnt

7. Dealing with Violent Behaviour
Who is responsible for dealing with violent player behaviour?
Individual Performer
National Governing Bodies NGB’s (e.g the FA, RFU)
Leaders – Coaches, managers and captains

8. NGB’s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82ZWIFnTp9Q
NGB’s are keen to diminish violent player behaviour from their sport’s .
NGB have a duty to protect the victims of violent behaviour by another player
Police are increasingly becoming involved in the war against violence in sport but NGB’s would rather be seen to sort the problems out themselves
Action NGB’s can take are:
Support match officials with decisions
Punish players post match
Citing system
Good examples as role models
Fair play awards
Training of officials

9. Leadership Responsibilities
Coaches, manages and captains have a huge responsibility with dealing with player conduct
People in leadership roles can:
Set good examples
Establish a code of conduct
Punish players who fail to meet code of conduct
Praise good role models
Keep volatile players away from high stress/arousal situations
Stress management for players
Understand player arousal levels

10. Individual Performer
Individuals are ultimately in charge of there own behaviour. They must establish there own clear guidelines and moral /ethical behaviour within sport
Performers do this through social learning. To develop a good code of practice a performer can:
Be exposed to good roles models from an early age
Receive good expectations from parents, managers etc..
Understand how to control arousal
Knowing how to avoid anger or frustration causing situations

11. Violence Among Spectators

12. Spectator Violence
Again watch this video, on your white boards write down any thoughts that spring to mind

13. Spectator Violence Football
What sport is spectator violence / hooliganism been a problem in for the last 50 year?
Football
‘Hooligans use football as a stage and a justification for the abusive and violent acts they are involved in!!!’

14. What is Hooliganism?
In pairs discuss what you would expect as hooligan behaviour, come up with as many idea’s as you can think of? (2 minutes)
It is defined as:
Racist or obscene
Fighting with other groups
Vandalism
Interference with match
Violence against non-hooligans

15. Hooligan Conflicts Hooligan conflicts are often Pre-organised
Looking for conflict with authority
Strongly linked to consumption of alcohol
Large scale involving lots of people, known as the ‘herd’

16. Places
On your whiteboards write down one place that you can think of where hooligan behaviour may take place
Hooligan behaviour can take place in:
Football stadiums
Streets near stadiums
City centres
Local pubs
Abroad

17. Causes of Hooliganism
No explanations can fully explain what causes hooligan behaviour the explanations are said to be multi-casual.
Some explanations: (I want you to give me a counter argument THINK!!!)
Ritualistic - Show of masculinity as part of a group
Outlet for the working class
Tribal behaviour – protecting their ‘patch’
Changing fan base – working class to middle class and wealthy
Tension on the pitch acts as a trigger to passionate fans
Affiliation to extreme political groups
Local derby's + excessive nationalistic feeling inflame passion

18. Why Football?!!?
In your opinion why is this behaviour mainly a problem in the sport of football?

19. Strategies to Combat Hooliganism
Prevention of travelling and entry (countries and stadiums)
Alcohol control – No serving in grounds and early pub closing times
Fan segregation
Improved level and training of police and stewards
CCTV – Improved information gathering
Sharing Police intelligence uk to abroad and visa versa
Players not allowed to make gestures to crowd
Punishing clubs (and fans) for poor fan behaviour
Use high profile role models to better sporting behaviour – Kick racism campagin

20.
Adebayor celebration
Rednapp on adebayor

21. Last Bit.....
Make notes on pages 263 and 264 regarding the effects violence has on individuals, sport and wider society

23. Question 10
Violence can sometimes occur in elite sport, for example football, both on and off the pitch.
16 Why might an elite performer commit an act of violence on the pitch? (3 marks)
1. Over-strong desire to win/over arousal/pressure
2. May be encouraged/asked to do so by coach/team mates/pressure from
sponsors/crowds
3. Player loses control due to action of opponents/referee
decisions/retaliates/frustration
4. Player lacks moral/ethical restraints on personal behaviour
5. Financial rewards
6. Importance of game/cup final/equivalent
17 Explain, using examples, why an elite performer may need the protection of the law
during their sporting careers. (4 marks)
1. Opposition player fouls/protection from violence
2. Off field of play – contracts with employers/administration of wages/assets/Bosman
ruling
3. Sponsorship deals/commercial deals
4. Protection from media intrusion into private life
5. Protection from hooligans during and after games
6. Maintenance of restricted areas during training/competitions
7. Protection from racism/equal opportunities