1. Anatomy and Physiology Blake Austin College Licensed Vocational Nursing Program Semester 1
Skeletal System

2. The Skeletal System

3. Functions Support Protect Movement and anchorage Mineral storage
Ligaments are fibrous bands that connect bones to bones
and cartilage and serve as support for muscles
Tendons are fibrous cords that connect muscles to bone
Mineral storage
Hemopoiesis

4. Structure and Formation of Bone
Osteocytes
Mature bone cell
Organic material (flexibility)
Collagen
Jellylike material
Inorganic material (hardness and durability)

5. Bone Formation Embryonic skeleton initially consists of
collagenous protein fibers secreted by
osteoblasts
8th week of embryonic development,
ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone

7. Long Bones Shaft or diaphysis Each end is the epiphysis
Covered by articular cartilage
In center is the medullary canal
Yellow bone marrow
Endosteum (lining of the marrow canal)
Red marrow
Ends of long bones
Manufacture some red blood cells and some white blood cells
Periosteum
Covering on outside of the bone

9. Growth Grow in length Ossify from center outward Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Growth stops when all the epiphyseal cartilage is ossified
Females grow until about 18 years of age
Males grow until about years of age

11. Types of Bones
Long
Flat
Short
Irregular

13. Axial Skeleton
Skull
Ribs and Sternum
Spinal Column and Vertebrae

14. Axial Skeleton
Skull
Cranium houses and protects the delicate brain, while the facial
bones guard and support the eyes, ears, nose and mouth
Collectively there are 22 bones in the skull

15. The Skull

16. The Skull

17. Ribs and Sternum Ribs and sternum 12 pairs of ribs
Sternum or breastbone
divided into 3 parts

18. Spinal Column/Vertebrae
Spine consists of small bones called vertebrae
which are separated from each other by pads of
cartilage tissue called intervertebral disks
Five sections: cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae,
lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx

21. Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Extremities
Shoulder Girdle
Arms
Hand

22. Shoulder Girdle
2 clavicles (collar bones)
2 scapulae (shoulder bones)

23. Arms
Humerus
Radius
Ulna

24. Hand 8 carpals (wrist bones) 5 metacarpals (hand bones)
14 phalanges (finger bones)

25. Skeletal System Appendicular skeleton (lower extremities)
Pelvic girdle
Ilium, Ischium and Pubis
Legs
Femur (thigh bone)
Tibia and Fibula
Patella (kneecap)
Ankle
7 tarsal bones
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Foot
5 metatarsal bones (foot bones)
14 phalanges (toe bones)

26. Joints Called articulations Diarthroses (movable) joints
Points of contact between two bones
Diarthroses (movable) joints
Amphiarthroses (partially movable) joints
Synarthroses (immovable) joints

27. Diarthroses Joints Movable joints consist of three main parts
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Synovial cavity
Bursa sacs
4 types of diarthroses
Ball-and-socket joints
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Gliding joints

29. Amphiarathroses Joints
Partially movable joints
Cartilage between their articular surfaces
Examples:
Ribs to the spine
Symphysis pubis

31. Synarthroses Joints Immovable joints
Connected by tough, fibrous connective tissue
Example:
Adult cranium
Cranial joints called sutures

33. Types of Motion Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction
Rotation
Pronation
Supination

34. Types of Motion