1. The Chemistry of Life
Mod.A, U.1, L.2

2. ATOMS … Are the building blocks of ALL matter
Are the smallest particle of an element that show all the properties of that element

3. Structure of the atom
Nucleus – center – protons(+) and neutrons(neutral)
Electrons(-) – around nucleus

4. Element Made up of one type of atom. (~ 118 elements)
~ 100 occur naturally in Earth
The rest are made in labs

5. Most Common Elements in Living Things are…
Oxygen – O
Sodium – Na
Carbon – C
Chlorine – Cl
Hydrogen – H
Iron - Fe
Nitrogen – N
Sulfur - S
Calcium – Ca
Phosphorus – P

6. Molecules
2 or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond form a Compound e.g. water. Each particle is a molecule
- One type of element- e.g O2, H2, - 2 or more types of elements e.g. H2O , CO2

7. Some Organic Compounds

8. Some more…
All are C6H12O6

9. Some Important Molecules in Living Things

10. 1. Water Most abundant compound in cells
Made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Chemical formula is H2O
~70% of organisms, and on the Earth

11. Water: Uses…
Is essential for most metabolic processes in living things

12. 2. Proteins

13. 2. Proteins
Are large molecules
Made up of subunits called amino acids joined together to form long chains
Most abundant after water

14. Proteins… Uses Form structures e.g hair, spider web silk, feathers
Carry oxygen around in the blood e.g. hemoglobin
Enzymes – make chemical reactions in cells go faster

15. Protein Uses…cont’d
4. Help protect cells e.g. in immune system
5. Help in movement e.g. in muscle cells
- Build, Repair, Regulate

16. Amino acids – About 24 known in nature – some common ones…

17. 3. CARBOHYDRATES
Made up of the elements: carbon - C, hydrogen - H, and oxygen – O
Subunits – called simple sugars e.g glucose, fructose
Joined together (long chains) form complex sugars and carbohydrates
Provide energy for the organism

18. Carbohydrates Types:
Simple carbohydrate(saccharide): single/few sugar molecules e.g. table sugar(sucrose), milk sugar (lactose), fruit sugar(fructose, glucose)
Complex carbohydrate: long chains – starch, cellulose, chitin

19. Glucose – C6H12O6

20. Sucrose – a disaccharide C12H24O12 also known as table sugar, is a common disaccharide. It is composed of two monosaccharides: glucose (left) and fructose (right).

21. Uses of carbohydrates:
Are broken down to provide energy for cells/organism.
Organisms store excess carbohydrates as complex carbohydrates e.g. plants store starch, animals store glycogen

22. A Fat molecule that does not mix with water.
4. Lipids
A Fat molecule that does not mix with water.

23. 2 Types of lipids … Fats and Oils – Long chains of fatty acids.
Plants store oils Animals store fats
At room temperature:
Oils are liquids , Fats are solid
2. Phospholipids – Have a phosphate group attached to the chain of fatty acid

24. Uses… Fats and Oils store and provide energy for cell
Phospholipids form the cell membrane (copy diag. p20)
Hydrophilic
(water-loving) heads
Hydrophobic
(water-hating) tails

25. Structure of a Cell Membrane
Water
Water

26. 5. Nucleic acids

27. 5. Nucleic acids Substances with Long chains
Made up of subunits called nucleotides
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA – Ribonucleic acid

28. 5. Uses of Nucleotides… The Blueprint of Life
Store information codes for protein production and other cell processes

29. A ‘Fuel’ molecule 6. ATP Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
Used: to transfer energy from broken down food molecules to cell

30. 6. ATP A ‘Fuel’ molecule Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
Used: to transfer energy from broken down food molecules to cells, to fuel life processes
Energy
ATP

31. Don’t forget!
Cells
Atoms
Organisms
Molecules and Compounds

32. Math in Science! How much Oxygen?
Each red blood cell carries about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin. How many molecules of oxygen could a single red blood cell deliver throughout the body if every hemoglobin molecule attached to four oxygen molecules?

33. Answer …. 1 molecule of hemoglobin carries 4 molecules of O2
250,000,000 molecules of hemog. will carry
4 x 250,000,000 mols. Of O2
= 1,000,000,000 mols. of O2
or 1 x 109 molecules of O2

34. Discussion: FOOD CHOICES
Which food/snacks do you prefer to take before playing/participating in sports activities?
Why do you prefer these foods?

35. Review What are the subunits of Proteins? Of DNA? Of Starch?
What do carbohydrates, fats and oils have in common?
Are all proteins enzymes? Explain your answer
Making predictions. What would happen to the supply of ATP in your cells if you did not eat enough carbohydrates? How would this affect your cells?

36. Review continued…
Based on what you know about carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, why is it important for you to eat a balanced diet?
A elephant has a mass of 3,900 kg. If 70% of its mass comes from water, how many kg of water does the elephant contain?

37. What is a Balanced Diet?
Research!

38. Activity 1 – Menu Design
Small Groups.
Design a meal’s menu that features a well balanced variety of foods that contain these molecules
You may research foods online to find nutritional content, or may look at actual food packages
Write out your menu on paper provided
Label each item as containing lipids, proteins, or carbohydrates.
You must draw pictures or use images from magazines or the internet

39. HMWK Watch the L.2 Digital Lesson on ThinkCentral
Answer all questions in text L.2
Do L. 2 Review
Worksheet.