1. APES year in review
Biogeochemical Test (chpt 3)
The test will be 39 multiple choice questions and 2 short answer questions.

2. Burning coal to make electricity releases sulfur into the air
Burning coal to make electricity releases sulfur into the air. The sulfur returns to Earth through rain and makes the streams acidic. Does the pH of the streams increase or decrease?

3. Burning coal to make electricity releases sulfur into the air
Burning coal to make electricity releases sulfur into the air. The sulfur returns to Earth through rain and makes the streams acidic. Does the pH of the streams increase or decrease? The pH will decrease.

4. What are the reactants necessary for photosynthesis?

5. What are the reactants necessary for photosynthesis
What are the reactants necessary for photosynthesis? Sunlight, CO2 & H2O

6. During photosynthesis, what percent of the sun’s energy do the autotrophs absorb?

7. During photosynthesis, what percent of the sun’s energy do the autotrophs absorb? 1%

8. What organism is responsible for 4 out of 5 of the phases in the nitrogen cycle?

9. What organism is responsible for 4 out of 5 of the phases in the nitrogen cycle? Bacteria

10. During periods of eutrophication, what happens to the O2 concentration, the bacteria population and the algae population?

11. During periods of eutrophication, what happens to the O2 concentration, the bacteria population and the algae population? O2 decreases, algae and bacteria increase.

12. Make this weak statement for an FRQ into a strong statement.
Pollution is bad for aquatic environments.

13. Make this weak statement for an FRQ into a strong statement.
Pollution is bad for aquatic environments.
Nitrogen and phosphates are limiting nutrients found in fertilizer. Fertilizer applied to crops or residential vegetation can be carried by runoff into ponds, lakes, estuaries and oceans and cause eutrophication. In eutrophication the NO3, ammonia and phosphates in the fertilizer cause algae to grow so much that they block sunlight from reaching the plants at the bottom of the water body. These plants die and are decomposed by bacteria. So much decay as algae die as well that the bacteria population increases exponentially. The bacteria consume most of the oxygen in the water through cellular respiration as they break down the dead plants and algae. The hypoxic conditions caused by the bacteria cause the fish and invertebrates in the water to die as well.

14. Why do we need the ozone layer?

15. Why do we need the ozone layer? To block harmful UV rays from the sun

17. Which chemicals were responsible for destroying the ozone layer?

18. Which chemicals were responsible for destroying the ozone layer
Which chemicals were responsible for destroying the ozone layer? Chloroflorocarbons (CFCs) from air conditioners, aerosol cans and the manufacture of Styrofoam.

19. What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades?

20. What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades
What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades? Wetland, Riparian, river of grass, marsh

21. The water of the everglades had too many nutrients and species adapted to low nitrogen levels were becoming extinct. Describe how Floridians removed nitrogen from the everglades.

22. The water of the everglades had too many nutrients and species adapted to low nitrogen levels were becoming extinct. Describe how Floridians removed nitrogen from the everglades. Phytoremediation

23. Give an example of an autotroph. Where does it get its energy?

24. Give an example of an autotroph. Where does it get its energy?
Plant, algae, bacteria or phytoplankton
Energy comes from the sun through photosynthesis

25. If you are given the gross primary production of 1 hectare of coastal sage scrub, how do you calculate the net primary production of that area?

26. If you are given the gross primary production of 1 hectare of coastal sage scrub, how do you calculate the net primary production of that area? Subtract cellular respiration

27. Name the process in which water moves from plants to the atmosphere.

28. Name the process in which water moves from plants to the atmosphere.

29. What happens to the net primary production of an ecosystem when you add a limiting factor (but not to excess)?

30. What happens to the net primary production of an ecosystem when you add a limiting factor? NPP increases when you do not add too much.

31. Carbon cycle
Name 3 ways carbon can enter the atmosphere.

32. Carbon cycle
Name 3 ways carbon can enter the atmosphere. Cellular respiration, burning fossil fuels, burning trees, volcanoes, etc.

33. Nitrogen cycle
Where is the biggest nitrogen reservoir?

34. Nitrogen cycle
Where is the biggest nitrogen reservoir? The atmosphere is 78% nitrogen.

35. Nitrogen cycle
Explain what will happen when legumes are planted in a grassland ecosystem.
Why will it happen?

36. Nitrogen cycle
Explain what will happen when legumes are planted in a grassland ecosystem. Nitrate level will increase
Why will it happen? Legumes have nodules that provide a home for bacteria which fix nitrogen

37. Phosphorus cycle Is there a gas phase in the phosphorous cycle?
Phosphorous is a limiting factor in aquatic systems. How could adding phosphorous to a lake decrease biodiversity of the lake?

38. Phosphorus cycle Is there a gas phase in the phosphorous cycle? No
Phosphorous is a limiting factor in aquatic systems. How could adding phosphorous to a lake decrease biodiversity of the lake? Eutrophication reduces O2 and could cause species adapted to low phosphate levels to become extinct.

39. What does deforestation do to the nutrient levels of streams that receive runoff from deforested areas?

40. What does deforestation do to the nutrient levels of streams that receive runoff from deforested areas? Nutrients are picked up by runoff and carried to the streams making the concentration of nutrients in the streams increase.

41. What does deforestation do to the temperature of the earth? Explain why.

42. What does deforestation do to the temperature of the earth? Explain why. Increases Earth’s temperature because CO2 is a greenhouse gas and when trees are chopped down, less photosynthesis takes place so there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

43. wind
Which side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains will support giant sequoias, a redwood tree species that requires abundant precipitation?

44. wind
Which side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains will support giant sequoias, a redwood tree species that requires abundant precipitation? West Side (windward)

45. Carbon C Nitrogen N Phos-phorous P element Main living reservoir
Main nonliving reservoir
Main living reservoir
Other nonliving reservoir
Human-induced problem
Carbon C
Atmo
CO2
Carbohydrates (CH2O)n
And all organic molecules
Hydro
Carbonate (CO3-2)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Litho minerals
Global warming
Carbon from fossil fuels underground are burned and released into the air as CO2
Nitrogen N N2
Proteins and other N- containing organic molecules
Ammonium
NH4+
Nitrate
NO3-
Nitrite NO2-
Eutrophication
Fertilizers contain human-made nitrates that end up in the water
Phos-phorous P
Litho
rocks as PO4-3
*no gas phase
DNA
ATP
phospholipids
Phosphate
PO4-3
Fertilizers contain human-made phosphates that end up in the water
Cutting down rainforest stops recycling of P

46. Determine the volume of this block in cubic meters if each edge of the smaller cubes is 10 cm.

47. Determine the volume of this cube in cubic meters if each edge of the smaller blocks is 10 cm.
The cube is 4 blocks wide, 4 block deep and 4 blocks tall which equals 64 blocks.

48. Identify the part of the hydrologic cycle that is occurring at A and B

49. Identify the part of the hydrologic cycle that is occurring at A and B
A = precipitation B = infiltration

50. Which location will have the greatest runoff?B A

51. Which location will have the greatest runoff? A

52. The arrows represent nitrites being carried into the soil by water
The arrows represent nitrites being carried into the soil by water. What term describes this process?

53. The arrows represent nitrites being carried into the soil by water
The arrows represent nitrites being carried into the soil by water. What term describes this process? Leaching

54. Which process of the nitrogen cycle is described below?

55. Which process of the nitrogen cycle is described below?

56. If 20% of the precipitation infiltrates into the soil, what percentage of the water will form runoff?

57. If 20% of the precipitation infiltrates into the soil, what percentage of the water will form runoff? 100% - 20% = 80%

58. Which process of the nitrogen cycle is described below?

59. Which process of the nitrogen cycle is described below?

60. Which process of the nitrogen cycle is described below?

61. Which process of the nitrogen cycle is described below? Ammonification

62. Which process of the nitrogen cycle is described below?

63. Which process of the nitrogen cycle is described below? Assimilation

64. What is the name of this effect?
YLHS

65. Rainshadow Effect
YLHS

66. Where do phytoplankton live?

67. Where do phytoplankton live?
In the photic zone, upper level of the ocean.

68. Is this the windward or leeward side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in CA?

69. Is this the windward or leeward side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in CA?

70. Which is the windward side?B

71. Which is the windward side? AB

72. Identify the elements in the acronym CHNOPS.

73. Identify the elements in the acronym CHONPS.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulfur.

74. Identify two anthropogenic effects shown in the Hydrologic Cycle picture below.

75. Identify two anthropogenic effects shown in the Hydrologic Cycle picture below. Acid Rain, nutrients entering bodies of water through leaching and runoff, and eutrophication

76. Rain shadow Which side, the windward or leeward will be the most arid?
Figure 9-6 Rain shadow

77. Which side, the windward or leeward will be the most arid? Leeward
Rain shadow
Figure 9-6 Rain shadow

78. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
Less than 2%
H2O vapor (.01%-4%)
Argon gas (1%)
CO2 (0.04%)
Trace gases

79. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? Nitrogen (78%)
Less than 2%
H2O vapor (.01%-4%)
Argon gas (1%)
CO2 (0.04%)
Trace gases

80. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? Which of the gases below are greenhouse gases?
78% N2
20% O2
Less than 2%
H2O vapor (.01%-4%)
Argon gas (1%)
CO2 (0.04%)
Trace gases

81. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? Which of the gases below are greenhouse gases?
78% N2
20% O2
Less than 2%
H2O vapor (.01%-4%)
Argon gas (1%)
CO2 (0.04%)
Trace gases

82. Which biogeochemical cycle takes the longest to complete because that element is primarily contained in rocks?

83. Which biogeochemical cycle takes the longest to complete because that element is primarily contained in rocks? Phosphorous Cycle

84. Which cycle contributes to global warming ?
The greenhouse effect is natural and important to deep the earth warm enough for life to exist
Global warming occurs when humans contribute too much of these greenhouse gases leading to a small (1-3 degree C) but significant rise in the global average temperature.
Analogy – Car on a sunny day

85. Which cycle contributes to global warming ? Carbon cycle
The greenhouse effect is natural and important to deep the earth warm enough for life to exist
Global warming occurs when humans contribute too much of these greenhouse gases leading to a small (1-3 degree C) but significant rise in the global average temperature.
Analogy – Car on a sunny day

86. After reading 80-81, “Can We Make Golf Greens Greener
After reading 80-81, “Can We Make Golf Greens Greener?”, name 2 ways to make golf courses less harmful to the environment.

87. After reading 80-81, “Can We Make Golf Greens Greener
After reading 80-81, “Can We Make Golf Greens Greener?”, name 2 ways to make golf courses less harmful to the environment.
Prevent nutrients from leaving the golf course and contributing to eutrophication.
Let grass grow longer to minimize the amount of irrigation and fertilizer.
Include native plants that are adapted to water availability and provide habitat for birds that eat pests so less pesticides are used.
Apply pesticides on non windy days so the pesticide stays on the course and does not target wildlife beyond the course boundary.