1. Chapter 5: States of Consciousness

2. Consciousness: awareness of ourselves and our environment.
What is Consciousness?
Consciousness: awareness of ourselves and our environment.
The awareness varies depending on our attention to the task at hand. Ex: driving.

3. Consciousness and Information Processing
Consciousness describes what we are aware of but many things are processed outside of our “consciousness.” (dual track mind)
Difficult or novel tasks require more conscious attention than well learned tasks.
Consciousness has a limited capacity

4. Daydreams and Fantasies
Almost everyone daydreams at one point or another.
Young tend to fantasize more than older adults

5. Why Might Daydreaming Be Helpful and Adaptive for Humans?
A way to escape
Prepare for future events
Aware of unfinished business
Increase creativity
Substitute for impulsive behavior

6. Biological Rhythms
Biological Rhythms: periodic physiological fluctuations built into human beings.
Circadian Rhythm: biological clock that regulates body rhythms on a 24 hour cycle….
larks vs. owls.

7. Circadian Rhthyms

8. Sleep
Sleep: refers to the periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness.
EEG- measures brain activity during sleep

9. Beta Waves – It’s BETA to be awake!
Awake & Alert
During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a conversation shows beta activity.
Beta Waves – It’s BETA to be awake!

11. Sleep Stages: Stage 1 alpha waves
50% decrease in alpha wave activity…sometimes referred to as “drowsy sleep.”
hallucinations: (falling or floating) “Hypnogogic Jerks”
5 minutes

12. Second Stage: Sleep Spindles
Sleep Spindles: bursts of rapid, rhythmic, brain wave activity.
Clearly asleep, sleep talking can occur in this stage or any other later stage.
20 minutes

13. Stage Three: Transition Stage
“slow wave sleep.”
Delta Waves: (large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep) begin appearing in stage 3 but are increasingly apparent in Stage 4.

14. Stage Four: Delta Waves
Hard to awaken…but still aware of stimuli around you.

15. Night Terrors
Occur during late stage 4 sleep and are characterized by high arousal and an appearance of terror but are seldom remembered.

16. R.E.M. Sleep
After stage 4, your bodies cycles back to stage 3, stage 2, and into REM sleep.
A Normal Sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes.

17. Brain Waves and Stages of Sleep

18. R.E.M. Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep)
R.E.M.: rapid eye movement sleep, dreams
breathing/heart rate increases.
Paradoxical; muscles/relaxed yet MIND/active.
Arousal can occur even when dreams are not sexual in nature.
As sleep cycle continues, R.E.M. sleep gets longer and longer.

19. Sleep Deprivation
Sleep Survey: How large is your sleep debt?

20. Do you get enough sleep? 4 or less – adequate sleep
5-6 – most days adequate sleep. Your performance may be less than 100% on certain activities
7-8- evidence of a sleep debt that may cause a noticeable reduction in work efficiency.
9-11-Definite sleep debt. Likely to suffer from large, random errors; even small errors may be missed when work is reviewed a second time.
General quality of life suffers. Less interested in things formerly liked. Less time socializing. Accident prone, memory defects, forgets common info.
15 and above- Major problem, Could be clinical

21. Sleep Deprivation

22. Sleep Deficiency
Why we need sleep!

23. How long can you go without sleep?
Randy Gardner
Age 17
1947
Monitored by Stanford Sleep Researchers
11 days 24 minutes
Video Clip

24. Should Schools Start Later?
Make a list of pros and cons of a later school start.
Chat with your DP and discuss your points.
Write a summary that reflects your position.

25. Sleep Theories
Sleep: Do we need it?

26. Theories: Sleep Function Sleep protects Helps us recuperate
Facilitates growth
Memory Consolidation

27. Sleep Theories
Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.
Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.
Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.
Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.
OBJECTIVE 7| Identify four theories of why we sleep.

28. Sleep Disorders Insomnia: inability to fall asleep or stay asleep.
10-15 % of adults
Sleeping pills and alcohol might make it worse
Less REM sleep

29. Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apnea: sleep disorder characterized by a temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary awakenings.
Often complained about as “snoring.”
Often interrupts deep sleep stages leaving person feeling exhausted.

30. Dreams

31. Dream Theories Activation-Synthesis Theory:
developed by Harvard psychologists Allen Hobson & Robert McCarley in 1977
dreams are by-products of the brain’s regeneration process
Dreams have no meaning but we try to make sense of them by using past memories & knowledge

32. Dream Theories Information Processing Theory:
developed by psychologist Evans
during sleep, the brain processes what was stored in memory during the day
dreams are brief glimpses of the brain’s sorting, scanning and searching through memories
dreams have no meaning.

33. Dream Theories Psychoanalytic Theory (Wish fulfillment)
developed by Sigmund Freud's in his book “Interpretation of Dreams” in 1900
dreams are repressed desires and a look a suppressed feelings (unconscious wishes & desires)
dreams are symbolic language of the unconscious mind communicating with the conscious mind
Manifest Content: the surface level of a dream (images, action).
Latent Content: the unconscious meaning of a dream.

34. What’s The Meaning Of Dreams? Depends Who You Ask!
Dreams As Part of Cognitive Development: all mammals experience R.E.M. sleep and many researchers believe it helps facilitate cognitive development.
R.E.M. Rebound: tendency for R.E.M. sleep to increase following deprivation. May illustrate a biological need for it.

35. Dream Theories Problem-Solving Theory:
developed by psychologist Cartwright
dreams give us uninterrupted time to deal with emotional issues in our lives
when we are free of problems, we use our dreams to express creativity
symbols & metaphors convey true meaning to our dreams

36. Lucid Dreams
Lucid Dreams: are dreams in which you become aware that you are dreaming and you can control aspects of your environment in the dream.

37. What do we dream about?
Most dreams are about events in our daily lives
Previous day’s experiences
Happen in real time – 5 minutes in a dream = 5 min in real time

38. Have you ever dreamed of…..?
Falling 83%
Being attacked 77%
School,teacher, studying 71%
Sexual experiences 66%
Arriving late 64%
Eating 62%
A loved person dying 57%
Being locked up 56%

39. Have you ever dreamed of…..?
Finding money 56%
Swimming 52%
Snakes 49%
Being inappropriately dressed 46%
Unable to breathe 44%
Being nude 43%
Fire 41%
Failing an Exam 39%
Killing Someone 26%

40. Meditation is self-induced
Definition:
method used to narrow consciousness so that outside stresses fade away
Additional Info:
is self-induced
focus on peaceful, repetitive stimulus in order to relax (research supports)
provides heightened awareness, tranquility, & time of internal reflection

41. Hypnosis

42. Hypnosis
Hypnosis- a social interaction in which one person ( the hypnotist) suggests to another ( the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will occur

43. Can anyone Experience Hypnosis?
It depends on the subject’s openness to suggestion

44. Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events?
Hypnosis does not help us recover “accurate memories as far back as birth”
Memories become both fact and fiction
Highly hypnotizable people are especially vulnerable to false memory suggestions

45. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
An authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people- hypnotized or not- to perform some unlikely acts

46. Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain
YES
10% of us can become so deeply hypnotized that even major surgery can be performed without anesthesia

47. Social Influence Theory (Role theory)
Hypnosis as a social phenomenon
Behaviors produced through hypnotic procedures can also be produced without them
People do what is expected of them

48. Divided Consciousness Theory (Dissociation theory)
Dissociation- a split between levels of consciousness.
Dissociate the sensation of the pain from the emotional suffering
Selective Attention

49. Unhypnotized persons can also do this

50. Perspectives On Dissociation

51. Hypnosis Concepts: Can Hypnosis Have an Effect After The Session?
Posthypnotic Amnesia: supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion. “You will no longer remember anything you experienced today.”
Posthypnotic Suggestion: a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that will be carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You will no longer feel the need to smoke after this session is over.”

52. Near Death Experiences

53. Near Death Experiences
Near Death Experiences: an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death.

54. Dualism
Dualism: argues that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact. The “mind” is nonphysical and can exist apart from the physical body.
Was put forth by many philosophers including Plato, Renee Descartes, and Socrates.

55. Monism (Materialism)
Monism argues that the mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
Mind and body cannot be separated without bodies we are nobodies.
Thomas Hobbes along with many philosophers and scientists support this viewpoint.