1. Europe in Crisis
Ch. 7 Section 1-2

2. Europe’s Wars of Religion
France
30 years of war between Catholics & Huguenots (French Calvinists)
Spain
King Philip II (a Catholic) broke the country fighting Calvinists in the Netherlands
England
Protestant Queen Elizabeth I tried to keep peace by treating Catholics and Protestants equal.

3. Types of Monarchies MONARCHY ABSOLUTE MONARCHY LIMITED MONARCHY
rule by a king or queen.
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
rule only by a king or queen, with unlimited power.
LIMITED MONARCHY
ruler shares some power with Parliament.
Divine Right
belief that a kings authority to rule was given to them by God and that they are only responsible to God

4. Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth Tudor = Queen Elizabeth I
A protestant, daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Became queen in 1558
Intelligent, careful, and confident
Moved to solve religious problems she inherited
She b/c queen when her Catholic half-sister Queen Mary Tudor died

5. Time of Crisis 1560-1650 – Europe had major economic and social crises
Economic problem – inflation
Inflation - rising prices
Social Crisis – massive population growth
Increased demand in land and food
Prices driven up on both land and food

6. Thirty Years’ War War b/g 1618 in the Holy Roman Empire
At first it was b/w Catholic forces and Protestant nobles (mostly Calvinists)
Soon the conflict went from religious reasons to political reasons
Most of the war fought in present day Germany
All major European powers b/c involved except England

7. Peace Finally
Peace of Westphalia officially ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648
Brings an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity
Peace of Westphalia stated…
All German states could determine their own religion
The more than 300 states that made up the Holy Roman Empire were recognized as independent
They had the power to conduct its own foreign policy

8. Elizabeth I Dies Queen Elizabeth dies in 1603
Tudor dynasty comes to an end
Elizabeth’s cousin, king of Scotland, replaces her and b/c James I of England
James I b/l in divine right…
Parliament does not agree w/ divine right
Charles I will inherit the throne and chaos will erupt in England
Problems – purify the church, divine right, king and parliament

9. A Revolution 1642 England gets into a civil war
Sides of the civil war…
Cavaliers (Royalists) – supporters of the king
Roundheads – parliamentary forces
The Roundheads won due to the New Model Army of Oliver Cromwell
Made up of extreme Puritans who b/l they were battling for God

10. Cromwell Takes Control
Cromwell got rid of anyone in Parliament who had supported the king
They then had Charles I executed in 1649
Next they abolished the monarchy and declared England a republic (commonwealth)
Cromwell then destroyed Parliament and set up a military dictatorship
He ruled until his death in 1658

11. Restoration
By 1660 Parliament restored the monarchy w/ Charles II (son of Charles I)
New Problems…
Charles II was sympathetic to Catholics
James (Charles’ brother and heir to the throne) was a Catholic
Parliament passes the Exclusion Bill
The bill barred James from the throne b/c he was Catholic
Charles II dismissed Parliament to stop the Exclusion Bill

12. Tensions Rise Again 1685 – Charles II died and James II b/c king
James II – devout Catholic – once again made religion a source of conflict b/w the king and Parliament
James II named Catholics to high positions in govt.
Parliament and English noblemen wanted James II removed as king

13. A Glorious Revolution
1688 – James II daughter Mary and her husband William (Dutch leader) raised an army and invaded England
James II, his 2nd wife, and son fled to France
1689 William and Mary b/c the monarchs of England
Then English Bill of Rights was put into place
Affirms Parliament’s role in the govt.
Limits the govt. power of its citizens