1. The Rise of Industry

2. How Did the Average European Live in 1750?

3. In 1750 … Worked as farmers using handmade tools
Lived in one-room cottages in or around small villages
Made their own clothes
Grew their own food
Only variety in goods was through occasional trade in the village
Knew very little about the world outside their own village
All travel was by foot or cart

4. How Did the Average European Live By 1850?

5. By 1850 … Worked in factories using machinery
Lived in crowded multifamily apartment buildings in large towns or cities
Bought all of their clothes
Bought all of their food
Had a variety of options in what they could buy from stores
Knew a great deal about the outside world
were able to travel rapidly by train or steamship

6. Agricultural Revolution
New chemical fertilizers improved the quality of the soil and crop yield
The seed drill (a machine which planted seeds in even rows) was invented
Practiced new forms of crop rotation and discovered which crops replenish nutrients in the soil the fastest (if you’re curious, it’s turnips)

7. Agricultural Revolution
Small farms disappeared as they were bought up by wealthier landowners to create more efficient large farms
this increased farm output and profitability
it also left a lot of peasant farmers homeless and jobless; they were left with no choice but to move into the cities

8. Population Growth More efficient farms → more food → more people
Population of England grew from 5 million in 1700 to 9 million in 1800
Grew mostly from people living longer; no longer had to worry about starving to death or being weak from malnutrition

9. New Technologies Began to burn coal to produce energy
Invention of steam powered engine, which would power ships and trains, by James Watt
Learned how to make higher quality metals, specifically iron

10. Transportation Improvements
Built new roads, canals, better bridges and harbors
Railroads invented around 1830; thousands of miles of tracks quickly laid
Began to replace sailing vessels with steamships

11. Industrial Revolution
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
Had lots of coal and iron deposits
Had lots of workers available to work in the mines and factories
Had the many mechanics and engineers necessary for developing new inventions
Had many people who had grown wealthy from overseas trade that were looking for investments
Had a stable government that supported economic growth

12. The Textile Industry Textiles are cloth goods
Had been produced using the “putting-out” system since about 1600:
raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth
the cloth was then sent into towns where skilled artisans finished and dyed the cloth, making it ready for use
this process was SLOW, produced INCONSISTENT quality, and was EXPENSIVE!

13. The Textile Industry
In the mid-1700s, inventors came up with a variety of machines to perform the spinning, weaving, finishing, and dying processes
this made the process of making cloth much faster and cheaper
the machines were large and heavy, however, and had to be housed in factories – rather than sending the work out to the workers, the workers now had to come to the work