1. Ennett, Bauman and Koch 1994

2. The Spec requires that you:
Describe and Evaluate one study to be selected from …….
Ennett et al (1994) variability in cigarette smoking within and between adolescent friendship cliques.

3. Aim: To investigate the role of friendship groups and cliques in the smoking behaviour of adolescence.

4. Can you name the…… Method Sample Controls Design
Extraneous / participant variables
Now can you write an account of how this was carried out?

5. A total of 87 cliques were identified comprised of 461 adolescence
A total of 87 cliques were identified comprised of 461 adolescence. Average clique size was 5 members. 42.2% of the sample participants were in a clique.
What is a clique?
Those not in cliques were called isolates, 28.6% of the total sample.
Liaisons were participants who were friends with other adolescence but not in a clique, which accounted for 29.2% of the sample.

6. Individuals Assessment for group membership

7. What do these results show
What do these results show? PROPORTION OF CURRENT SMOKERS BY FRIENDSHIP PATTERNS BY SCHOOL (N=1092)

8. Results
414/461 were non smokers
59/87 were totally non-smoking cliques
2/87 cliques contained smoking only members
The smoking rate of clique members was 11.1%
The overall smoking rate in schools was 15.2%
Clique members displayed high levels of homogeneity (similar behaviour) – this was most apparent in all female, all white cliques, and cliques where mothers had a lower standard of education
Smoking behaviour in cliques compared to non cliques was significant to 5% (but achieve 0.1% level in 2/5 of the schools)
From this data, use the statistics in infer 3 findings from this study:

9. Conclusions – finish that sentence!
Adolescences that smoke tend to associate with ……….
Clique membership contributes more to non-smoking behaviour than………
Membership of a non-smoking clique supports the maintenance of ………
This does / does not support the notion of social learning theory as an explanation of substance misuse.

10. Now you need to be able to evaluate the study:
Design
Reliability and Validity
Ethnocentric
Ethics
Evidence to support
Androcentric
Application
Method
Sample