1. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations
d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

2. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
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LEQ#3: What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

3. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Vocabulary to Know:
Mutagenic Factor
Mutation
Mutagen
Pesticides
Herbicides
Radiation
X-Rays/ UV rays
Chemicals
Viruses
Phenotype
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

4. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Agents in the environment that can change DNA are called mutagenic factors
Also called mutagens
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

5. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Examples
UV rays in sunlight (Natural factor)
Radiation (X-rays and Nuclear)
Industrial Chemicals
Pesticides: Chemical substance used to against any pests.
Herbicides: Chemical substance used to kill plants
Cigarettes
Biological agent
Antimicrobial or disinfectant
Viruses
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

6. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

7. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Effects on DNA
Mutagenic factors can cause mutations
Change in the DNA that affects the sequence of nitrogen bases in the DNA
Changes that occur in the DNA sequence may or may not lead to changes in an organism
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

8. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
What is a mutation?
Change in an organisms DNA is called a mutation.
Not uncommon
May or may not affect the phenotype of an organism
Physical characteristics
May or may not have an impact of offspring
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

9. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Effects on organism
Human body has DNA repair enzymes that help find and fix mutations
Although, sometimes these enzymes don’t work and the mutation is not fixed
The DNA site for the production of that enzyme has been damaged by the mutation
Errors or mutations can build up overtime and eventually effect how the cell works.
Mutations are a significant cause of aging
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

10. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Explain how mutagens can cause genetic mutations in spite of your body’s DNA repair enzymes.
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

11. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Answer
Mutagens may produce so much damage that the repair enzymes cannot keep up with the repairs.
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

12. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
LEQ#4: What are the types of alterations that can occur during replication?
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

13. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Vocabulary to Know:
Point mutation
Framshift mutation
Gene mutation
Chromosomal mutation
Substitutions
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
Trisomy
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

14. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Mutations
Two main types:
Gene Mutation
Mutation that causes a change in a single gene
Chromosomal Mutation
Mutation that involves the entire chromosome
Both can be caused by nature, random events, or environmental factors
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

15. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Gene Mutations
Error in the sequence of nitrogen bases in a single gene
Remember: Codon (sequence of 3 nitrogen bases) corresponds to a particular amino acid
Two types of Gene Mutations:
Point mutation
Frame shift mutation
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

16. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Gene Mutations
Error in the sequence of nitrogen bases in a single gene
Remember: Codon (sequence of 3 nitrogen bases) corresponds to a particular amino acid
Two types of Gene Mutations:
Point mutation
Frame shift mutation
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

17. Gene Mutation Point Mutation
Change in a single base is called a point mutation
Each of these words represents different amino acid.
THE CAT ATE THE RAT
Now what would happen if you changed one letter?
THE CAT ATE THE BAT
Still makes sense but the meaning is different
Effects are usually minimal if any at all
Example: Sickle Cell
GAG codon is changed to GTG
Inserts wrong amino acid
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

18. Gene Mutation Frameshift Mutation
Base is added/deleted is called a Frameshift mutation
THE CAT ATE THE RAT
Deleted one base: C
THE ATA TET HER AT_
Added one base: C
THE CCA TAT ETH ERA T
The statement makes no sense and the meaning is completely different
Effects much more severe than a point mutation
Codon for different amino acid
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

19. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Wasting Syndrome
Gene mutation that results in the mutated form of myostatin protein.
Leads to overproduction of muscle tissue
Often seen in Belgian Blue and Piedmontese breeds of cattle
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

20. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Explain why Frameshift mutations have a greater effect than do Point Mutations.
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

21. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Answer
Point mutations typically affect only one codon (unless they create a premature stop codon).
A frame shift mutation affects all the codons in a gene that follow it.
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

22. Chromosomal Mutations
Changes in the number of chromosomes or their structure
Occur: Chromosomes fail to separate correctly during gamete production
Nondisjunction
Lead to abnormalities in offspring
Example: Cyclopia
3 (trisomy) chromosomes of chromosome or 17-18
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

23. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
WARNING the following slide contains a disturbing image View at your own discretion
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

24. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Cyclopia
Two eyes within one orbit
Proboscis-like appendage above the eye
Low-set or missing ears
Missing facial bones
Congenital heart disease
Do not survive
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

25. Chromosomal Mutations
4 types of mutations
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

26. Chromosomal Mutation Deletion
Occurs when part of a chromosomes breaks off during mitosis/meiosis
Serious mutation that often causes death of the organism
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

27. Chromosome Mutation Duplication
Occurs when a section of a chromosomes is repeated
May cause genes to not function properly
Can also lead to developmental and physical disabilities
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

28. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
How could a mutated gene produce a shorter protein than that produced by the normal gene?
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

29. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Answer
A frame shift or a point mutation may have changed one of the codons to a stop codon
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

30. Chromosomal mutation Inversion
Occurs when a section of a chromosome breaks off, changes direction, and recombines to the same chromosome
Usually no serious effects
Genes are still intact and present on correct chromosome
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

31. Chromosomal Mutation Translocation
Piece of chromosome breaks off one chromosome and combines with a different chromosome
Causes serious physical and developmental disabilities
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

32. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Translocation
Results in miscarriage of zygote usually
Produce gametes with wrong number of chromosomes
Usually harmless but can cause cancers (leukemia), and infertility
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

33. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Did you know…
Mutations can occur in all types of organisms…even the human race.
One mutation that is very unlikely to be seen is multiple toes and fingers.
Doctors usually remove extra digits at birth.
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

34. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
LEQ#5: What relationships exist between mutations and the potential appearance of new traits?
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

35. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Vocabulary to Know:
Germ line mutation
Somatic Mutation
Sterile
Inherited
Meiosis
Beneficial mutation
Lethal Mutation
Silent mutation
Turners syndrome
Down syndrome
Klinefelters syndrome
Cystic fibrosis
Cancer
Gametes
Harmful mutation
Intron
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

36. Consequences of Mutations
Depend on the type of cell the DNA mutation occurs in
Can occur in two types of cells
Somatic (body cell)
Germ line (gametes: sperm/egg)
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

37. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Somatic Mutation
Are NOT passed down to offspring
Causes:
Random natural causes
Environmental factors: radiation, x-rays, sunlight
Chemical: cigarettes, cleaners, pesticides
Often lead to cancer
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

38. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Germ Line Mutations
Mutations can be passed down to offspring (inherited)
Usually occur during Meiosis
Type of cell division the produces gametes in sexually reproducing organisms
Mutations in germ line affect the phenotype of the offspring.
Many are so severe that offspring do not develop properly and die before they can reproduce or are sterile
Incapable of producing offspring
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

39. Appearance of new traits
Impact on phenotype of organism
Silent mutation
Harmful mutation
Lethal mutation
Beneficial mutation
Impact on offspring
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

40. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Impact on Phenotype
Many gene mutations do not affect an organisms phenotype.
Mutation that does not affect the resulting protein is called a silent mutation.
Mutation that occurs on the noncoding region (intron) may not affect the encoded protein at all.
Segment of gene that does not code for an amino acid
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

41. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Impact on Phenotype
Chromosomal mutations affect a lot of genes and tend to have a big effect on an organism
Mutation that alters a important protein and affects its function is called a harmful mutation
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

42. Klinefelters Syndrome
XXY (47 Chromosomes)
Extra sex chromosome
Sterile
increase breast tissue,
decrease in testosterone
Greatly reduced male genitalia
Some breast production
Wide curvy hips
No sperm production & no sex drive
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

43. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Down Syndrome
Extra copy of chromosome 21 (47 chromosomes)
Broad short head
Malformed ears
Mental retardation
Protruding tongue when mouth is open
Impairment of cognitive and physical development
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

44. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Turner’s syndrome
X0 ( 45 Chromosomes)
only one female sex chromosome
Short stature
Wide-spaced
underdeveloped nipples
Webbed neck
Swelling of hands & feet
low hairline
Sterile
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

45. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Lethal Mutation
Mutations that lead to the death of an organism are considered to be lethal mutations
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

46. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Patau’s Syndrome
Trisomy chromosomes 13-15
Cleft lip and palate
Bone defects on skull
Large bulbous nose
Congenital heart disease
Majority die within a year
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

47. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Edward’s Syndrome
Trisomy on chromosomes 17-18
Small head
Ears deformed
Cleft palate
Severe retardation
Majority die within a year
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

48. Impact on the Phenotype
A very small percentage of all mutations actually have a positive effect these are called beneficial mutations.
These mutations lead to new versions of proteins that help an organism and its future generations better adapt to changes in their environment.
Example:
Deletion of CCR5 gene leads to HIV resistance
Found in European descent
Believe to be a result of survivors of the bubonic plague or small pox
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

49. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Some genetic mutations are associated with increased risk for a particular disease. Tests exist for some of these genes. What might be the advantages and disadvantages of being tested
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?

50. What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?
Answer
Advantage:
You would know what symptoms to look for
You would be able to prepare for treatment
Disadvantage:
There may be no cure for the disease
Simply having the gene may not mean that getting the disease is inevitable
What are some mutagenic factors and what effects do they have on DNA?