1. The FOUR LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
THIS IS THE BIG STUFF…..

2. GRAMMAR
A WAY OF THINKING ABOUT LANGUAGE

3. THE FOUR LEVELS ARE: PARTS OF SPEECH: POS PARTS OF SENTENCE: POSENT
PHRASES
CLAUSES
THESE ARE THE BASIC ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

4. WHAT IS ENGLISH? A LANGUGE. DUH! WRONG!
ENGLISH IS AN AMALGM OF 4 DIFFERENT LAGUAGES:
OLD ENGLISH
LATIN
GERMANIC
GREEK

5. HOW DOES IT WORK? WHAT IT IS: SUBJECT WHAT IT DOES: FULL PREDICATE
IN OUR LABGUAGE (IN ALL LANGUAGES) THERE HAS TO BE SOMETHING THAT IS EITHER DOING SOMETHING OR BEING SOMETHING:
The whale, upon the waves, crimson with gore, gnashed the sailors.

6. THE MAP DO IO AV
SUBJ SC
H/LV

7. LEVEL 1
PARTS OF SPEECH

8. EXAMPLES MADE SIMPLE THE BOY LOVES THE IDEA OF SURFING.
WITHIN THE TEMPLE, THE ANGRY DIETY AWAITED THE TRAVELLERS.
DORY IS REALLY FORGETFUL.

9. LET’S START SIMPLE: PARTS OF SPEECH: 8 TYPES
LISTED FROM EASY TO IMPOSSIBLY DIFFICULT (DON’T EVEN TRY IT!! RUN SCREAMING!!!!)
NOUNS, VERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, PERPOSITIONS, GIRAFFES

10. NOUNS PERSON, PLACE, THING NOMEN (n) MEANING “NAME”
A NOUN IS THE SOUND THAT WE GIVE AN IDEA: TABLE, CHAIR, CAR, SKY, LOVE, GIRAFFE
THESE ARE ALL THINGS AND THEY NEEDED SOUNDS IN ORDER FOR US TO GET THE IDEA ACROSS TO OTHERS…..
THEY WILL BE THE SUBJECTS OF THE SENTNCE (IDEA)

11. THE TYPES PROPER: SHOWS RESPECT, GETS A CAPITAL LETTER
Mr. Salminen, New York city, Eiffel tower
Common: names some generic thing:
some teacher, the city, that tower

12. ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE
CONCRETE: THIS IS SOMETHING THAT IS TANGIBLE AND THAT WE CAN TOUCH:
TABLE, CHAIR, CAR, FOOD
ABSTRACT: THIS IS A CONCEPT, HOWEVER, IT IS STILL A THING; WE CAN’T TOUCH IT
LOVE, HUNGER, DREAMS

13. WHEW! THAT’S A LOT OF NOUN STUFF
AND WE DID NOT EVEN GET TO THE PRONOUNS, SUBJECT PRONOUNS, OMINATIVES AND ALL THE OTHER FUN NOUN STUFF.
LET’S GET MOVING TO THE VERBS, BUT FIRST…….

14. COLLECTIVE or “GROUP” NOUNS
THIS IS A THING MADE UP OF A BUNCH OF OTHER THINGS TO MAKE ONE BIG THING….
A FLOCK OF BIRDS
THE FLOCK IS THE THING THAT IS MADE OF THE BIRDS (other little things)

15. A GERUND A GERUND IS A NOUN WERING A VERB COSTUME…… WAIT….WHAT?
SWIMMING IS THE THING I LOVE MOST.
THE “ing” WORD IS NOT A VERB IN THIS INSTANCE, IT IS ACTING AS THE SUBJECT AND THEREFORE IS A NOUN

16. NAME EM’ CAN YOU FIND THEM ALL?
The author, Samuel Clemens, wrote under the pseudonym, Mark Twain.
I experienced deep frustration at the lack of effort.
Within team, there were captains and then the rest of the players.
The pod of dolphins rose, gracefully, to the surface.

17. PRONOUNS
PRONOUNS ARE VAGUE AND TAKE THE PLACE OF A NOUN. THEY ARE LAZY:
HE, US, SHE, IT, WE, THEY, THEM, THAT….
THEY CAN ONLY BE USED AFTER THE ANTECEDENT IS SET.

18. A SUBJECT IS A SUBJECT AND AN OBJECT IS AN OBJECT
SUBJECT PRONOUNS I
YOU
SHE, HE, IT WE
THEY
OBJECT PRONOUNS ME
YOU
HIM, HER, IT US
THEM

19. REMEMBER……
WHAT IT IS
WHAT IT DOES

20. VERBS….THAT’S WHAT’S HAPPENEING!! (WHAT IT DOES)
THE POS THAT SHOWS ACTION, BEING OR LINK A SUBJECT TO A SUBJECT COMPLIMENT
TYPES: ACTION, HELPING/LINKING, INFINITIVE, TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE (that’s enough to start with)
THIS WILL ALSO INDICATE THE PREDICATE

21. 6 VERB TENSES: PRESENT PAST FUTURE PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT

22. ALEXANDER DEFEATED DARIUS.
PAST TENSE, BTW

23. ACTION VERB
AN ACTION VERB ALLOWS THE SUBJECT or SUBJECT PRONOUN TO ACCOMPLISH SOMETHING:
The boy ran to the store.
Well, WHAT DID THE BOY ACTUALLY DO?
*GO BACK TO THE MAP OF SENTENCES*

24. HELPING & LINKING VERBS
THESE ALLOW THE SUBJECT or SUBJECT PRONOUN TO BE or BECOME SOMETHING
THE GIRL IS TALL.
*WELL, WHAT IS THE GIRL?
VERB

25. TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS
THE HARPOON HIT THE WHALE.

26. ADVERBS “If you see an adverb, kill it.” - Mark Twain
A WORD THAT MODIFIES A VERB, AN ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB
LOOK FOR THE “ly” MOST TIMES.

27. ADJECTIVES A WORD THE MODIFIES A NOUN OR PRONOUN
ALL NUMBERS AND COLORS!
ARTICLES: THE, A , AN
3 LEVELS:
GOOD BETTER BEST
Positive comparative superlative

28. EXAMPLES:
In the spring of 1992, Seattle was supremely confident in its music scene.
He was very nervous about the coming scores.
The rat only snorted and thrust his hands deep into his pockets.

29. PREPOSITION
THE WORD THAT SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OBJECT AND ANOTHER WORD IN THE SENTENCE
*ANYTHING THAT A AIRPLANE CAN DO TO A CLOUD*
IT SHOWS THE “WHERE”
WE NEVER, NEVER END A SENTENCE WITH PREPOSITION.
NOW……WE DANCE

30. CONJUNCTIONS A WORD THAT JOINS TWO WORDS OR TWO GROUPS OF WORDS:
THERE ARE 2 TYPES: COORDINATE & SUBORDINATE
FANBOYS!!!!

31. CONJUNCTIONS COORDINATE FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO SUBORDINATE IF AS
WHEN
BECAUSE
HOWEVER
THERFORE
*WE DON’T BEGIN SENTENCES WITH THESE*

32. INTERJECTION
A WORD THAT SHOWS EMOTION, BUT HAS NO GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
OH!
UGH!
WHEW!
WOW!
OUCH!

33. PART 1 DIAGNOSTIC