1. Special Relationships between organisms
Symbiosis
Although all organisms interact on some level with everything else on the planet some organisms form very strong and unique relationships with each other due greatly to co-evolution
Special Relationships between organisms

2. What is a symbiotic relationship?
Two species living together
Species: Groups of similar individuals who mate and produce, fertile offspring
Types of symbiotic relationships:
Predation
Competition
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Reminder: species relationship remain the same regardless of scale…

3. Variable triplefin eating a common
What is Predation?
One species, the predator, eats the other species, the prey.
Example: Bobcat eating a rabbit
Variable triplefin eating a common
triplefin.
This is a Negative –
to a positive +
relationship

4. What is Competition?
Two species competing for the same resources to survive
Example: Two species of owls competing for same habitat VS
This is a Negative –
to a negative --
relationship

5. What happens when two species are competing for the same resources in the same environment….
1. One species becomes extinct OR
2. species evolve to encompass different niches (set of resources)

6. What is Parasitism?
One species (parasite) takes nourishment from another species (host), while weakening the host
Example: Tapeworm in mammal’s intestine
Rat tapeworm
This is a Negative –
to a positive +
relationship

7. What is Commensalism?
Sea urchin spikes provide
protection.
One benefits in some way, while the other species is in no way effected.
Example: Goby (fish) in spine of sea urchins. Sea urchin provides protection.
This is a Positive +
to a Neutral 0
relationship

8. What is Mutualism? This is a positive + to a positive + relationship
Sea anemone tentacles provide
protection.
Both species benefit from the relationship
Example: Boxer crab carries anemones in its claws.
Anemones - protection from predator
Boxer crab - provides food particles
This is a positive +
to a positive +
relationship

9. Mutualism Commensalism Organism One Organism Two

10. Parasitism Competition Predation Organism One Organism Two

12. Species relationships are there regardless of scale – both parasites
"stinking corpse lily" (Rafflesia arnoldii) the world's largest flower. This remarkable Malaysian/Indonesian endo- parasite lives completely within its host vine, and occasionally breaks through the bark as a huge bud that expands into an enormous blossom up to 3 feet 
MALARIA – this is a blood parasite transmitted by mosquitoes that affects red blood cells.

13. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Acacia Plant & Ants
parasitism
The ants lay eggs on acacia tree so they get a nice safe place for their eggs. The acacia covers the infected area with brown flesh (called a gall.) The plant has to use valuable resources to create the gall.
What symbiotic relationship is this?

14. Goby and Alpheid Shrimp
This alpheid shrimp (on
the right) uses its strong claws like a bulldozer to create a burrow in the sand. The shrimp is nearly blind. It relies upon its partner, the sharp-eyed goby, to warn of danger. When a potential predator approaches, both animals disappear quickly into the burrow
mutualism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

15. Snow Leopard and Rabbit

16. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Anemone & Anemone Fish
This fish lives its entire adult life among the tentacles of a bulb- tentacle sea anemone. Anemone fish do not get stung by the anemone as would most other fish so they get protection from predators. The fish often drop food scraps which the anemones can eat.
mutualism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

17. Hummingbird Moth & Flower
mutualism
This hummingbird moth is drinking the nectar of a flower. The flower gets pollinated (the moth brings pollen from other flowers) and the moth gets a tasty meal.
What symbiotic relationship is this?

18. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Lichen
Lichen is really two organisms: algae and fungus. The fungus needs food but cannot make it. The algae makes food but needs some way to keep moist. The fungus forms a crust around the algae which holds in moisture. Both organisms benefit.
mutualism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

19. Two Wolves: 1 Alpha Spot

20. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Loa Loa Worm & Human
This worm infects human the blood stream and gets a nice warm safe home there. The human may go blind or have other complications as a result.
parasitism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

21. Humans and the bacteria in their intestine
 certain kind of bacteria lives in the intestines of humans and many other animals. The human cannot digest all of the food that it eats. The bacteria eat the food that the human cannot digest and partially digest it, allowing the human to finish the job. The bacteria benefit by getting food, and the human benefits by being able to digest the food it eats.
mutualism

22. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Shark & Remora
The remora attaches itself to the shark and saves energy since it doesn’t have to swim, and it gets to snack on the sharks kills. The shark doesn’t get anything.
commensalism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

23. Emperor Shrimp & Sea Cucumber
This tiny emperor shrimp is riding along on the back of a sea cucumber (a long worm-like starfish relative) while it crawls along a sandy bottom. The shrimp gets to travel around under the protection of its much larger partner, and the sea cucumber doesn't seem to mind.
commensalism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

24. The Chital and the Tree-pie
The tree-pies help the chital by stripping the dead velvet from the antlers. This provides them with nourishment Therefore both species are benefiting from this symbiotic behavior.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
mutualism

25. Moray Eel & Cleaner Fish
This moray eel has a small fish cleaning between its teeth. The eel gets a clean mouth while the cleaner fish gets a nice meal.
mutualism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

26. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Cattle & Cattle Egrets
As these cattle walk around eating grass they stir up lots of insects. The egrets hang around and get a yummy meal of insects.
commensalism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

27. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Bedbugs
Bedbugs are small, nocturnal insects that come out of hiding at night to feed on unsuspecting humans.  They feed exclusively on blood!  Their bites often result in an allergic reaction.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
parasitism

28. Wrasse & Batfish Can you see the two cleaner wrasses are
removing parasites from a batfish? One of the wrasses has entered the gill slit of the batfish, and may even enter its
mouth in search of food. The batfish gets a bath and the wrasse gets a meal.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
mutualism

29. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Clown Fish & Anemone
This clown fish swims in the anemone and gets protection, since its predators will get stung. The anemone is unaffected.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
commensalism

30. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Antelope & Ox Bird
This ox bird hangs out on the antelope and gets a delicious meal of bugs living on the antelope. The antelope gets rid of parasites.
mutualism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

31. Oak Gall Wasps and Oak Trees
The oak gall wasp stings the oak tree.
the tree then grows a GALL which is a nest for the wasp’s babies.
When the larva hatch, they eat their way out of the gall.
Does not help or hurt the oak tree
What symbiotic relationship is this?
commensalism

32. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Otters and Kelp
The otters help the kelp by eating the sea urchins which endanger it. The kelp provides and anchor for the otters while they sleep.
mutualism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

33. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Mistletoe and tree
Mistletoe is an aerial plant that has no roots of its own and lives off the tree that it attaches itself to. Without that tree it would die. It slowly chokes out the life of the host tree.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
parasitism

34. Review What is a symbiotic relationship? What is predation?
What is competition?
What is parasitism?
What is commensalism?
What is mutualism?