1. Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in the Moravian town of Pribor, Austrian Empire, which is now part of the Czech Republic.
While some of Freud's ideas have fallen out of favor and modern advances in the field of psychology have shown flaws in many of his theories, Freud's work still remains important.

2. Major contributions by Freud
Interpretation of Dreams
Levels of Consciousness
Personality: Id, Ego, Superego
Defense Mechanisms
Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development

3. Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious Motivation
Individuals control their sexual and aggressive urges by placing them in the unconscious
These take on a life of their own and become the motivated unconscious
According to Freud the mind is made up of 3 parts: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The latter is the largest part of the mind and manifests itself in the dreams, “slips of the tongue”, irrational feelings, physical symptoms, or inexplicable anxiety.

4. Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychic Determinism
Nothing happens by chance or accident
Everything we do, think, say, and feel is an expression of our mind

5. Interpretation of Dreams
Freud was interested in dreams from boyhood
Purpose of a dream is to fulfill a wish
People’s desires and hatred of others are expressed in dreams

6. Repression
Refers to ideas one has had that are pushed into the unconscious so that the person is completely unaware of having the thought.
So, not remembering your dreams could be due to Repression.
We’ll come back to this later…

7. Levels of Consciousness
Conscious - current awareness
Preconscious - not aware of material but it’s retrievable (via ordinary retrieval)
Unconscious - not aware of material but it’s not retrievable (via ordinary retrieval)

9. Issues Regarding the Unconscious
How can the existence of the unconscious be demonstrated?
Why do humans
have an unconscious?

10. Personality and Psychoanalysis
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Projective Techniques
Free Association: Speaking whatever comes into your mind without censoring your thoughts. Psychoanalysts must be able to recognize the subtle signs that something important has just been mentioned.
Dream Analysis: Uncovering unconscious material in a dream by interpreting the content of a dream. Consists of manifest content (what the dream actually contains) and latent content (what the elements of the dream actually represent)
Projective Techniques: Uses the idea that what a person sees in an ambiguous figure reflects his or her personality.

11. The Structure of PersonalityID
EGO
Psychoanalytic theory concerns how people cope with their sexual and aggressive instincts within the constraints of a civilized society. One part of the mind creates urges, another has a sense of what civilized society expects, and another part of the mind tries to satisfy the urges within the bounds of reality and society. These parts of the mind are in constant interaction. They have different goals, provoking internal conflicts within an individual.
SUPEREGO

12. The Structure of Personality
Id = “das Es”
Most primitive, instinctual part of the mind; what we are born with
Source of all drives and urges
Operates according to the Pleasure Principle
Entirely unconscious
The pleasure principle is the desire for immediate gratification.
Primary process thinking is thinking without logical rules of conscious thought or an anchor in reality.

13. The Structure of Personality
Id, con’t.
Demands immediate gratification;
Eat, sleep, comfort, pleasure
Does this continue to effect us in later life?

14. The Structure of Personality
Ego = “I myself” (Das Ich)
Rational, decision-making component
Operates on the Reality Principle
Seeks to delay gratification of the Id’s urges until an appropriate time
Partly conscious

15. The Structure of Personality
Ego – con’t
The part of the mind that constrains the id to reality
Develops around 2-3 years of age
Operates according to the Reality Principle
Mediates between Id, Superego, and environment
The ego recognizes under the reality principle that the urges of the id are often in conflict with social and physical reality.
The ego engages in secondary process thinking which refers to the development and devising of strategies for problem solving and obtaining satisfaction.

16. The Structure of Personality
The Superego = Upholder of Values and Ideals
The part of the mind that internalizes the values, morals, and ideals of society
Develops around age 5
Not bound by reality
“Let your conscious be your guide”
The superego determines what is right and what is wrong, and enforces this through the emotion of guilt. It sets the moral goals and ideals of perfection.

17. Structure of Personality
Superego = “Das Uber Ich”
Operates on the Morality Principle
Seeks the perfect, ultimate, or ideal world
Strives for perfection by using guilt, shame, and doubt
Mostly unconscious

18. Psychodynamics Conflict Model:
The Id and superego often want opposite results;
Individual vs. society
Restrain expression of all drives
Surplus energy results in anxiety

19. Psychodynamics So…the Ego tries to mediate these conflicts
When the demands of the id or superego threaten to overwhelm the ego- anxiety results
Id – acts impulsively or destructively
Superego – acts with guilt

20. Psychodynamcis
Sometimes the Ego may distort reality and change the person’s view of his/her life or actions
The ego develops ways to protect or defend itself = Defense Mechanisms

21. Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious psychological processes designed to avoid or reduce the conscious experience of anxiety
The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality: occurs when the ego can not find an acceptable outlet for the id’s urges or when the ego fears losing control of the “war” between the id and the superego

22. Repression
Ideas or thoughts are pushed into the unconscious so that the person is completely unaware of having the thought.
Not remembering your dreams could be due to Repression.
Freud believed that people often tend to remember the pleasant circumstances surrounding some event , and that unpleasant memories are often repressed.

23. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Repression
Bury anxiety to the Unconscious
The process of preventing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or urges from reaching conscious awareness
Forgetting – is it real?
Repression was the forerunner of all other forms of defense mechanisms. Freud believed that people often tend to remember the pleasant circumstances surrounding some event , and that unpleasant memories are often repressed.

24. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Displacement
Shifting powerful emotions toward a substitute
Channel “unacceptable” impulse to non-threatening target

25. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Sublimation
Rechanneling unacceptable urges to socially acceptable outlets

26. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Rationalization
Making a plausible excuse and not acknowledging your true motives,
Generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable.
“Everyone does it”
Cheating on tests,
Getting alcohol tickets

27. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Denial:
Parents say: “Look how adorable our child is!!!!!”
Not perceiving the reality of a situation
Unable to acknowledge the “truth” of your choices…
“It’s not as bad as it seems!”
Repression was the forerunner of all other forms of defense mechanisms. Freud believed that people often tend to remember the pleasant circumstances surrounding some event , and that unpleasant memories are often repressed.

28. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Reaction Formation
Act opposite of impulse
Behave the opposite of your true feeling
Freud believed that the presence of anxiety is evidence that repression is starting to fail, so other defense mechanisms may be brought into play.
Denial: insisting that things are not what they seem.
Displacement: a threatening impulse is channeled to a non-threatening target.
Rationalization: generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable.
Reaction Formation: in an attempt to stifle an unacceptable urge, displaying a flurry of behavior that indicates the opposite impulse.
Projection: seeing in others those traits and desires that we find most upsetting in ourselves.
Sublimation: channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities.

29. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Projection
Attribute your unacceptable urges on to someone else
Seeing in others those traits and desires that we find most upsetting in ourselves.
EX. Lying, gossiping,
homophobia, racism

30. Anxiety and the Mechanisms of Defense
Regression
Retreating to immature behavior due to anxiety
Toddlers with a new baby in the family
5th graders going into Middle School
8th graders going into High School
YOU next year . . .

31. Other Defense Mechanisms
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
Isolation/Intellectualization
Isolate emotional reaction
Process abstractly
Freud believed that the presence of anxiety is evidence that repression is starting to fail, so other defense mechanisms may be brought into play.
Denial: insisting that things are not what they seem.
Displacement: a threatening impulse is channeled to a non-threatening target.
Rationalization: generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable.
Reaction Formation: in an attempt to stifle an unacceptable urge, displaying a flurry of behavior that indicates the opposite impulse.
Projection: seeing in others those traits and desires that we find most upsetting in ourselves.
Sublimation: channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities.

32. Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life
Anxiety and the
Mechanisms of Defense
Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life
Useful in coping with unexpected or disappointing events
But, can make circumstances worse!
Defense mechanisms can help us deal with stress; however, when a behavior inhibits the ability to be productive or to maintain relationships, there may be problems.

33. Five Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
Freud thought the personality was formed by age five
Each stage of development represents a different focus/conflict of the id’s pleasure seeking energy
Healthy adults resolve these conflicts successfully

34. Five Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
Oral Stage
During the 1st year of life the infant derives pleasure through oral activities
Sucking, chewing, biting, exploring objects with the mouth

35. Five Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
Oral Stage, con’t
Fixation” or problems could lead to difficulties later on
Eating disorders, smoking and drinking addictions, non-stop talking, thumb-sucking, pencil biting, etc…

36. Five Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
Anal Stage
During the 2nd year of life the toddler derives pleasure from elimination and learning control over elimination
Toilet training is considered important
Fixation occurs due to punishment or humiliation
Fear of rejection, “neat freak,” anal retentive behavior, fear of needing to perfect to please someone (parents)

37. Five Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
Phallic Stage
From 3 – 6 years of age the child is interested in genitals and is curious
The child develops an attraction to the opposite parent

38. Five Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
Phallic Stage con’t
Oedipus complex:
Boys feel hostility toward father figure
Desire mother’s affection
Eventually identify with father

39. Five Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
Phallic Stage, con’t
Electra complex:
Girls feel contempt for mother figure
Desire father’s affection
“Daddy’s little girl”

40. Five Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
Latency Stage
From ages 7 – 11 the child represses sexual impulses and focuses on developing same –sex friendships

41. Five Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
Genital Stage
From ages 12 to adulthood sexual urges reappear
Superego prevents “incestuous” urges toward opposite parent
Teenage thus focuses on socially acceptable substitutes
“Substitute “ often resembles their opposite sex parent!

42. Personality and Psychoanalysis
The goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious
Identify unconscious thoughts and feelings
Enable the person to deal with the unconscious urges realistically and maturely
But how to penetrate the unconscious mind?

43. Personality and Psychoanalysis
The Process of Psychoanalysis
The psychoanalyst offers the patient interpretations of the psychodynamic causes of the problems
The interpretations bring insight
Resistance may occur as a defense
Transference of feelings

44. Evaluating Freud’s Contributions
Proponents argue it is the first and perhaps only comprehensive theory of human nature
Psychoanalysis has had a major impact on Western thought
Critics maintain it is not contemporary
The nature of evidence upon which it was built can be criticized
Emphasis on sexual drives is inappropriate

45. Summary
There are 3 main forces in the psyche that constantly interact to tame the 2 motives
Defense mechanisms help keep urges, thoughts, and memories that cause anxiety in the unconscious
Psychoanalysis is a therapy used for making the patient's unconscious conscious