1. Preview Questions Describe a typical prokaryote cell.
Describe a typical eukaryote cell.
Explain the differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell.
How has the simplicity of prokaryotes affected their ability to adapt and survive / thrive?
How has the complexity of eukaryotes affected their ability to adapt and survive / thrive?

2. Cell theory All living things are made of cells
Cell can only come from other cells
All functions of a living thing are carried out in cells
Reminder: the functions of living things are: respiration, metabolism, growth, adaptations to the environment, reproduction, homeostasis and interdependence

3. Different Types of Cells
An overview

4. There are two main groups of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Similarities: all are alive, all belong to one of the five life kingdoms.
Differences: appearance, structure, reproduction, and metabolism.
biggest differences are between cells of different kingdoms . 

5. Where to begin?
Prokaryotes are simpler, so we will start with them. VS
Diagrams courtesy -

6. Prokaryotes were formed about 3
Prokaryotes were formed about 3.5 billion years ago, or 3,500,000,000 years

7. Prokaryotes from the Greek meaning “before nuclei”

8. Why “before nuclei?” Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus.
Prokaryote’s DNA is circular (it has no ends).
Small circlets of DNA are called Plamids.
Prokaryotic DNA is “naked” – it has no histones associated with it and does NOT form chromosomes

9. All Prokaryotes are in the monera kingdom domains Bacteria and Archaea
Cyanobacteria
also known as blue-green algae

10. Prokaryote Characteristics
Simplest organisms: Very small size.
Lack membrane-bound organelles inside the cell
have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope.
genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid (instead of having chromosomal DNA)
Strong cell walls: resistant to environmental changes

11. Size Bacterial cells are very small,
about 1-2µm in diameter and 10 µm long
One micrometer = 1/1000 mm.
Imagine looking at a dime from its thinnest side and trying to slice it into a thousand pieces; that is the same as 1 µm.

12. 2. Lack membrane-bound organelles inside the cell

13. 3. have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope.

14. 4. genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid
E. coli cell dividing.
E. Coli Grows in human intestine;
Has a single, circular chromosome
contains DNA as plasmids
Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA

15. 5. Strong cell walls: resistant to environmental changes

16. Bacterial Structure

17. Shapes 2 basic groupings Staph - in clusters Strep - in chains
3 basic shapes
Cocci - sphere Bacilli - rods Spirilla – spirals
2 basic groupings
Staph - in clusters Strep - in chains
Spiral
Rod shaped
Spherical
This spiral shaped bacteria is the causitive agent of syphilis Treponema pallidum
Streptococcus sp. Chains of nearly-spherical bacteria. From The Rockefeller University.

18. Replication Binary fission one cell splits into two cells, see diagram
offspring are genetically identical to parent

19. Movement
Some prokaryotes can't move, while others have long threadlike flagella.
If bacteria doesn’t move, how does it get from person to person?
E.Coli flagella

20. Prokaryote Functions decomposers agents of fermentation
play important roles in digestive systems
involved in many nutrient cycles
ex: the nitrogen cycle, which restores nitrate into the soil for plants.
diverse array of metabolic functions.
For example, some bacteria use sulfur instead of oxygen in their metabolism.

21. From the Greek for “true nucleus”
Eukaryotes
From the Greek for “true nucleus”

22. Example cells from the plantae and animalia kingdoms
Plant (elodea)
animal cells (blood vessel lining)

23. Eukaryote characteristics
All eukaryotes have …
1) A Cell membrane
2) A Central nucleus
3) Organelles in cytoplasm (like ER, vacuoles, mitochondria, etc.)

24. size and shape are related to cell function.
For Example:
1. birds’ eggs are large because they contain all the nutrient material that the developing bird embryo will need during its growth to a young chick.
2. Muscle cells are long, so that they can contract and shorten up, thereby moving body parts.
3. Nerve cells are also long — they need to transmit nerve signals to different parts of the body
4. epithelial cells are broad and flat
5. red blood cells are especially small because they need to get through the smallest capillaries of the circulatory system. 2. 1. 3. 4. 5.

25. Structure – animal cell

26. Structure – plant cell

27. reproduction
*Mitosis – body cells
*Meiosis – gametes (egg & sperm)

28. Movement Internal The centriole The cytoskeleton
Actin and tubulin proteins
External
4. Flagella
5. cilia 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

29. Review

30. Prokaryote & Eukaryote similarities
Both have
DNA
A cell membrane
Ribosomes
Diverse forms (meaning a lot of shapes and sizes)

31. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes differences
Plasmid DNA
No membrane-bound organelles
Few things inside (are simple)
Nuclear bound DNA
Has membrane bound organelles
Many things inside (Are complex)
**Organelles are tiny structures inside cells that do a certain job.

32. Complete this Vinn Diagram worksheet and turn it in
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Write the things that are Different here
Write the things that are Different here
Write things that are the Same here

33. Characteristic Prokaryote Eukaryote Size 1-10um 10-100um
Nuclear Envelope
Absent
present
Chromosomes
Single, circular, no nucleus
Multiple, linear, wound on nucleosomes
Golgi apparatus
Present
ER, Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Chlorophyll
Not in chloroplasts
Present in chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Relatively small
Relatively large
Microtubules, filaments, microfilaments
Flagella
Lack microtubules
Contain microtubules

34. Review Questions Describe a typical prokaryote cell.
Describe a typical eukaryote cell.
Explain the differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell.
How has the simplicity of prokaryotes affected their ability to adapt and survive / thrive?
How has the complexity of eukaryotes affected their ability to adapt and survive / thrive?